ATI RN
Psychology 101 Final Exam
1. What is extinction and how might it be used in treating a disorder?
- A. Extinction strengthens the conditioned response by continuously pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
- B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- C. Extinction is ineffective and is not used in treating disorders.
- D. Extinction is the process of intensifying the conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a stronger unconditioned stimulus.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. This helps in reducing or eliminating undesired behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because extinction does not strengthen the conditioned response but weakens it. Choice C is also incorrect as extinction is a valid technique used in treating disorders by reducing unwanted behaviors. Choice D is incorrect as extinction does not involve intensifying the conditioned response but rather diminishing it.
2. What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.
- A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
- B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
- C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
- D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.
3. In __, the individual can't recall everything about a certain period of time.
- A. Systematized amnesia
- B. Selective amnesia
- C. Collective amnesia
- D. Localized amnesia
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Localized amnesia refers to the inability to recall all events during a specific period of time. This type of amnesia is characterized by the loss of memories related to a particular incident or period, while other memories remain intact. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they refer to different types of amnesia. Systematized amnesia is a term used to describe a selective loss of memory related to a specific category of information or knowledge. Selective amnesia involves the conscious or unconscious blocking out of specific memories, often due to psychological reasons. Collective amnesia pertains to a lack of shared memory or historical awareness within a group or society.
4. The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose?
- A. Behaviorists
- B. Humanists
- C. Functionalists
- D. Structuralists
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Functionalists believed that consciousness evolved because it serves a useful purpose in helping humans adapt to their environment. Choice A, Behaviorists, focused on observable behaviors rather than consciousness. Choice B, Humanists, emphasized human potential and self-actualization. Choice D, Structuralists, studied the basic elements of consciousness rather than its function and purpose.
5. From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________.
- A. Behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
- B. Behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
- C. Behaviorists were too focused on explaining how abnormal behavior is acquired.
- D. Behaviorists underestimated the role of reinforcement.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because behaviorists, from the cognitive-behavioral perspective, are criticized for not considering the significance of mental processes. This limitation is a key point in the cognitive-behavioral perspective, which emphasizes the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the specific limitation of failing to account for mental processes in the behavioral perspective.
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