ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam Questions
1. In ecological systems theory, how does Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represent a significant change in his life?
- A. Microsystem
- B. Mesosystem
- C. Exosystem
- D. Chronosystem
Correct answer: D
Rationale: In ecological systems theory, the chronosystem refers to the dimension of time and how events and transitions over time can influence an individual's development. Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represents a significant change in his life that falls under the chronosystem. The microsystem involves the immediate environments and relationships that directly influence an individual, the mesosystem relates to connections between these environments, and the exosystem includes external settings that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents' workplaces. Therefore, Toby's move best exemplifies a change in the chronosystem due to the temporal influence on his development.
2. Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?
- A. psychoanalytic perspective
- B. ethology
- C. evolutionary developmental psychology
- D. lifespan perspective
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the lifespan perspective. This perspective underscores the idea that individuals have the capacity for growth and change at any age, highlighting plasticity throughout the lifespan. It acknowledges the continuous development and adaptability of individuals to various experiences and factors. Choice A, the psychoanalytic perspective, focuses more on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Choice B, ethology, emphasizes the study of animal behavior in natural environments. Choice C, evolutionary developmental psychology, examines how evolutionary principles influence human development but does not specifically focus on plasticity at all ages.
3. It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because __________.
- A. most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research
- B. the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days
- C. most drug-using mothers quit using illegal drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy
- D. drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy is due to the fact that drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses. This makes it challenging to identify the specific impact of each individual factor on prenatal development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not address the complexity of the situation involving drug users during pregnancy. Most drug-using mothers refusing to participate in teratology research, the majority of babies not surviving, or drug-using mothers quitting during the first trimester do not directly explain the difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy.
4. Liz is 36 weeks pregnant. A rise in her baby's heart rate is probably followed within five seconds by __________.
- A. a burst of motor activity
- B. a period of sleep
- C. a rise in Liz's heart rate
- D. a drop in Liz's body temperature
Correct answer: A
Rationale: A rise in the baby's heart rate during pregnancy is usually followed within five seconds by a burst of motor activity. This indicates that the baby is responding to stimuli and is an important sign of healthy fetal development. A period of sleep, a rise in Liz's heart rate, or a drop in Liz's body temperature are not typically immediate responses to changes in the baby's heart rate. Sleep is less likely to be a direct response to changes in heart rate, Liz's heart rate is independent of the baby's heart rate changes, and a drop in Liz's body temperature is not a common immediate response to fetal heart rate changes.
5. A major limitation of systematic observation is that it __________.
- A. provides little information on how participants actually behave
- B. tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors
- C. underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words
- D. ignores participants with poor memories, who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened
Correct answer: B
Rationale: A major limitation of systematic observation is that it tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors. Systematic observation focuses more on recording observable behaviors rather than delving into the underlying reasons or thought processes driving those behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because systematic observation can indeed provide detailed information on how participants actually behave, it doesn't necessarily underestimate the capacities of individuals who struggle with verbal expression, and it doesn't solely ignore participants with poor memories as it can capture behavior in real-time regardless of memory recall.
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