ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam Questions
1. According to the continuous view of development, the difference between the immature and the mature is simply one of amount or complexity.
- A. nature
- B. discontinuous
- C. nurture
- D. continuous
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. According to the continuous view of development, the difference between the immature and the mature is seen as simply one of amount or complexity. This view suggests that development is a gradual and continuous process where individuals steadily acquire new abilities without abrupt changes or stages. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because nature, discontinuous, and nurture do not align with the description provided in the question. Nature typically refers to genetic or biological factors, discontinuous implies stages or abrupt changes, and nurture relates to environmental influences, none of which are synonymous with the continuous view of development.
2. Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory ________.
- A. overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development
- B. overestimate people's contributions to their own development
- C. offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences
- D. overemphasize each individual's unique life history
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences. This is because they focus mainly on observable behaviors and external factors, neglecting the role of internal cognitive processes and individual differences in shaping development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because behaviorism and social learning theory do not specifically emphasize the plasticity of cognitive development, overestimate people's contributions to their own development, or overemphasize each individual's unique life history. Instead, they are criticized for providing a limited perspective by focusing predominantly on external stimuli and behaviors.
3. Dr. Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Dr. Torrez accepts the __________.
- A. psychoanalytic perspective
- B. psychosocial theory
- C. cognitive-developmental theory
- D. social learning theory
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Dr. Torrez's belief about conflicts between biological drives and social expectations influencing a person's ability to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the resolution of inner conflicts as important factors in shaping personality and behavior. The other choices are incorrect because psychosocial theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and social learning theory do not specifically focus on conflicts between biological drives and social expectations as central to understanding human behavior and development.
4. Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?
- A. Passive smoking can be harmful to the developing fetus.
- B. The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
- C. The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
- D. The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The statement that the genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role in the harm done by teratogens is true. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to teratogens, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays a significant role in determining the impact on the developing fetus. This highlights the importance of considering both genetic and environmental influences when assessing risks to prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect as passive smoking can indeed be harmful to the developing fetus. Choice C is incorrect as the negative impact of teratogens is often not reversible. Choice D is incorrect as serious defects can occur throughout prenatal development, not just in the germinal period.
5. Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does. Gabriella is displaying __________.
- A. reinforcement
- B. classical conditioning
- C. observational learning
- D. adaptation
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Observational learning is when an individual learns by watching others and mimicking their actions or behaviors. In this scenario, Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does, indicating she is learning through observing her mother's behavior and imitating it. The other choices are incorrect: Reinforcement typically involves a consequence that strengthens a behavior, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an association is made between two stimuli, and adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to new conditions.
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