ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam Questions
1. It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because __________.
- A. most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research
- B. the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days
- C. most drug-using mothers quit using illegal drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy
- D. drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy is due to the fact that drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses. This makes it challenging to identify the specific impact of each individual factor on prenatal development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not address the complexity of the situation involving drug users during pregnancy. Most drug-using mothers refusing to participate in teratology research, the majority of babies not surviving, or drug-using mothers quitting during the first trimester do not directly explain the difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy.
2. During prenatal development, the ectoderm folds over to form the __________, or primitive spinal cord.
- A. mesoderm; neuron tract
- B. neural tube
- C. endoderm; neural tube
- D. neuron tract
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. During prenatal development, the ectoderm folds over to form the neural tube, which eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. The neural tube is the precursor to the central nervous system, including the primitive spinal cord. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the mesoderm does not form the neural tube, the endoderm is not involved in the formation of the central nervous system, and neuron tract is not the structure that forms the primitive spinal cord.
3. Despite growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father, Betty is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.
- A. assimilation
- B. resilience
- C. age-graded development
- D. multidimensional development
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges during her childhood such as growing up in a rundown neighborhood, having divorced parents, and rarely seeing her father demonstrates resilience. Resilience refers to the capacity to achieve positive outcomes despite adverse circumstances. Betty's successful, happy, and healthy adulthood showcases her resilience in navigating and overcoming the threats to her development. Choice A, assimilation, does not fit the context of adapting effectively to adverse circumstances. Assimilation is a cognitive process related to incorporating new information into existing schemas. Choice C, age-graded development, refers to typical developmental changes that occur in a culture at a particular age. Choice D, multidimensional development, encompasses the idea that development is influenced by multiple factors across various dimensions, which is not directly related to Betty's ability to adapt effectively despite facing challenges.
4. Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating __________, which are heavily contaminated with __________.
- A. long-lived predatory fish; mercury
- B. freshwater fish; lead
- C. long-lived predatory fish; polychlorinated biphenyls
- D. freshwater fish; radiation
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating long-lived predatory fish, which are heavily contaminated with mercury. Mercury is a known teratogen, meaning it can negatively impact the development of the fetus and lead to birth defects. It is recommended that pregnant women choose fish with lower levels of mercury to reduce potential risks to the baby's health. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, and radiation are not typically found in fish at levels that pose significant risks to pregnant women and the developing fetus.
5. Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator __________.
- A. studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
- B. randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions
- C. tracks the performance of each person over time
- D. conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Longitudinal research involves tracking the performance of each person over time. By doing so, researchers can observe common patterns in development among a group of individuals and also identify individual differences in how each person progresses over time. This methodology allows researchers to gather data on the same individuals repeatedly, offering insights into how development unfolds over the lifespan. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because longitudinal research focuses on observing individuals over time rather than studying groups at a single point, randomly assigning participants to treatments, or conducting quasi-experiments.
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