ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam Questions
1. Dr. Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Dr. Torrez accepts the __________.
- A. psychoanalytic perspective
- B. psychosocial theory
- C. cognitive-developmental theory
- D. social learning theory
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Dr. Torrez's belief about conflicts between biological drives and social expectations influencing a person's ability to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and the resolution of inner conflicts as important factors in shaping personality and behavior. The other choices are incorrect because psychosocial theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and social learning theory do not specifically focus on conflicts between biological drives and social expectations as central to understanding human behavior and development.
2. In ecological systems theory, how does Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represent a significant change in his life?
- A. Microsystem
- B. Mesosystem
- C. Exosystem
- D. Chronosystem
Correct answer: D
Rationale: In ecological systems theory, the chronosystem refers to the dimension of time and how events and transitions over time can influence an individual's development. Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represents a significant change in his life that falls under the chronosystem. The microsystem involves the immediate environments and relationships that directly influence an individual, the mesosystem relates to connections between these environments, and the exosystem includes external settings that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents' workplaces. Therefore, Toby's move best exemplifies a change in the chronosystem due to the temporal influence on his development.
3. An experimental design __________.
- A. allows researchers to gather information in natural life circumstances without altering the participants' experiences
- B. looks at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development
- C. permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment conditions
- D. has one major limitation: researchers cannot infer cause and effect
Correct answer: C
Rationale: An experimental design permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment conditions. This means that researchers can manipulate certain variables and observe the effects on participants, allowing them to determine causation between variables. This is a key strength of experimental research designs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary purpose or strength of experimental designs. Experimental designs do not focus on gathering information in natural life circumstances (A), looking at relationships between characteristics and behavior (B), or have the limitation of not being able to infer cause and effect (D).
4. Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.
- A. scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
- B. had lower academic achievement scores
- C. showed more aggressive behavior
- D. reported less alcohol and drug use
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership reported less alcohol and drug use compared to their comparison-group agemates. This indicates that the program may have a positive impact in reducing risky behaviors among adolescents whose mothers received home visits. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the extract specifically mentions that the children reported less alcohol and drug use, and there is no mention of impulsivity, overactivity, academic achievement scores, or aggressive behavior in this context.
5. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.
- A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
- B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
- C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
- D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.
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