ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam Questions
1. Baby Azeez's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally, and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Azeez is most likely in which state?
- A. regular sleep
- B. drowsiness
- C. irregular sleep
- D. quiet alertness
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The description of Baby Azeez's behavior matches the characteristics of irregular sleep in a newborn. During irregular sleep, limb movements are gentle, occasional facial grimacing occurs, and rapid eye movements can be seen beneath closed eyelids. This state is also known as active sleep and is associated with dreaming in newborns. Choice A, regular sleep, is incorrect as the described behaviors are not typical of this state. Choice B, drowsiness, does not match the active movements and facial grimacing observed in Azeez. Choice D, quiet alertness, is also incorrect as it does not align with the described behaviors of limb movements, facial grimacing, and rapid eye movements.
2. In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.
- A. the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
- B. groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
- C. groups of participants of the same age in different years
- D. participants of the same age at the same point in time
Correct answer: B
Rationale: In a cross-sectional design, researchers study groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. This design allows researchers to compare different age groups simultaneously, providing valuable insight into age-related differences without the need to track the same group over time. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a longitudinal design where the same group is followed over time. Choice C is incorrect as it involves different groups of the same age studied at different times. Choice D is incorrect as it does not capture the essence of a cross-sectional design, which involves studying groups of different ages at the same point in time.
3. __________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube, the circulatory system, and the urinary tract.
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Folic acid
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin C
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Folic acid supplementation early in pregnancy is crucial as it reduces the risk of abnormalities in the developing fetus. It is specifically known to prevent issues related to the neural tube, circulatory system, and urinary tract. Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Vitamin C do not play the same role as folic acid in preventing these specific birth defects, making them incorrect choices.
4. To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to __________.
- A. stop smoking
- B. pick up after the dog
- C. change the litter box
- D. feed the fish
Correct answer: C
Rationale: To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to change the litter box. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted through cat feces, so it is important for pregnant women to avoid handling cat litter to reduce the risk of infection. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are not directly related to preventing toxoplasmosis. Smoking cessation is important for overall health but not specifically to prevent toxoplasmosis. Picking up after the dog and feeding the fish are not relevant to preventing toxoplasmosis, as the infection is primarily associated with cat feces.
5. Dr. McBride wants to know if the teacher's use of encouragement in the classroom affects the children's self-esteem. To assign children to treatment conditions, Dr. McBride should __________.
- A. carefully distribute the children according to their test scores
- B. divide the children so each group has an equal number of boys and girls
- C. draw the children's names out of a hat
- D. assign the quieter children to the same treatment condition
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Drawing the children's names out of a hat is a way to randomly assign them to treatment conditions. Random assignment helps to ensure that any differences in self-esteem that may be observed in the study are not due to pre-existing characteristics of the children. This method helps to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the teacher's use of encouragement and the children's self-esteem. Choice A is incorrect because assigning children based on test scores may introduce bias into the study. Choice B is incorrect as balancing gender is not relevant to the research question. Choice D is incorrect as it introduces a bias by selecting a specific group of children based on a characteristic unrelated to the study objective.
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