ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. Which statement about prenatal marijuana exposure is true?
- A. It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.
- B. Lasting consequences are well-established.
- C. Studies show no negative effects of exposure.
- D. It is linked to an array of physical malformations.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'It is linked to impulsivity and overactivity.' Prenatal marijuana exposure has been associated with impulsivity and overactivity in children based on research findings. However, lasting consequences of prenatal marijuana exposure are not as well-established compared to other teratogens. Choice B is incorrect because lasting consequences are not firmly established. Choice C is incorrect because studies have shown negative effects of prenatal marijuana exposure. Choice D is incorrect as prenatal marijuana exposure is not primarily linked to physical malformations.
2. In field experiments, researchers __________.
- A. selectively assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
- B. cannot use random assignment or manipulate treatment conditions
- C. randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
- D. have stronger control over the treatment than in the laboratory
Correct answer: C
Rationale: In field experiments, researchers randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings. This method allows for a higher level of control over potential confounding variables compared to non-random assignment. Random assignment helps ensure that the groups being compared are comparable at the beginning of the study, which strengthens the internal validity of the research findings. Choice A is incorrect because selective assignment may introduce bias. Choice B is incorrect as researchers can use random assignment in field experiments. Choice D is incorrect because field experiments typically have less control over the treatment compared to laboratory experiments.
3. The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the __________.
- A. zygote
- B. blastocyst
- C. embryo
- D. fetus
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: embryo. The most rapid prenatal changes occur during the embryo stage, which spans from approximately 2 to 8 weeks after conception. This period is crucial as major organs and systems of the body develop rapidly, laying the foundation for future growth and development. The zygote stage is the initial single-celled entity formed by the union of sperm and egg, while the blastocyst stage involves the cluster of cells resulting from the zygote dividing and growing. The fetus stage follows the embryo stage and focuses on refining and growing existing structures rather than rapid development. Therefore, the embryo stage is where the most significant and rapid changes take place in prenatal development.
4. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.
- A. does not become adultlike for several years
- B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
- C. is the least developed sense at birth
- D. takes about four months to become adultlike
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.
5. What is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries?
- A. Use of natural or prepared childbirth
- B. Use of a doula
- C. Medical control over childbirth
- D. Apgar testing
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Medical control over childbirth is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries. Cesarean deliveries are often performed due to various medical interventions such as monitoring the progress of labor, fetal distress, and other complications that may arise during childbirth. The increasing use of medical interventions and technology has contributed to the higher rate of cesarean deliveries globally. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly involve the decision-making and interventions typically carried out by medical professionals during childbirth, which are major factors leading to the rise in cesarean deliveries.
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