Nursing Elites

1. Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.

• A. facial abnormalities and heart defects
• B. defects of the genitals and urinary tract
• C. low birth weight and brain damage
• D. a variety of childhood cancers

Correct answer: C

Rationale: High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to low birth weight and brain damage. Lead exposure during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as decreased birth weight and potential long-term brain damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the known effects of prenatal lead exposure. While lead exposure can indeed cause a variety of health issues, such as heart defects and urinary tract problems, the primary concerns related to prenatal exposure are low birth weight and brain damage.

2. How can families prevent escalating demands that lead to chaos?

• A. Parental multitasking
• B. Eating separate meals
• C. Compression of family routines
• D. High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable

Correct answer: D

Rationale: High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable can help prevent escalating demands on families that lead to chaos. This is achieved by providing a stable and supportive environment for children, enabling parents to balance work and family responsibilities effectively. Access to reliable child care reduces stress and helps in preventing chaos within the family, ultimately leading to improved well-being for both parents and children. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address the need for external support to manage family demands and prevent chaos. Parental multitasking, eating separate meals, and compressing family routines may not provide the necessary stability and support required to prevent escalating demands on families.

3. __________ doubles the risk of SIDS.

• A. Failure to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep
• B. Use of a pacifier or a security blanket
• C. Placing an infant to sleep on his back
• D. Cigarette smoking by a caregiver Answer: D Page Ref: 106 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cigarette smoking by a caregiver doubles the risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke exposure can increase the likelihood of SIDS due to the toxins and chemicals present in cigarette smoke. It is important to have a smoke-free environment for infants to reduce the risk of SIDS.

4. __________ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on development.

• A. Darwin’s
• B. Freud’s
• C. Erikson’s
• D. Watson’s Answer: B Page Ref: 15 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Freud's theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on development. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the importance of the child's interactions with caregivers, particularly during the early stages of development, in shaping personality and behavior.

5. Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a __________.

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. case study
• C. natural experiment
• D. field experiment

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom, which is an example of a field experiment. A field experiment involves manipulating independent variables in a natural setting to observe the effects on participants. This design allows for more control over variables compared to naturalistic observation, case studies, or natural experiments. Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulating any variables. A case study focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group. A natural experiment involves observing naturally occurring events without intervention or manipulation by the researcher.

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