ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam 1
1. The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.
- A. static and stable
- B. multidimensional and multidirectional
- C. continuous, rather than discontinuous
- D. largely the result of heredity
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is multidimensional and multidirectional. This means that development occurs in various domains (such as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial) and can involve gains and losses as individuals age. This perspective recognizes that human development is complex and dynamic, involving various factors and pathways over the course of a person's life. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because human development is not static and stable (A), can involve both continuous and discontinuous changes (C), and is influenced by a combination of heredity and environment rather than solely by heredity (D).
2. Nonnormative influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.
- A. Nonnormative
- B. History-graded
- C. Age-graded
- D. Bio-historical
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nonnormative. Nonnormative influences are events or experiences that are irregular and unique to the individual, so they do not follow a predictable timetable. These influences can include major life events like winning the lottery or experiencing a natural disaster, and they have a significant impact on a person's development. Choice B, History-graded influences, are events that are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances. Choice C, Age-graded influences, are events that are typical for people of a certain age group. Choice D, Bio-historical, is not a recognized term in developmental psychology.
3. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.
- A. spina bifida
- B. anencephaly
- C. cerebral palsy
- D. muscular dystrophy
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.
4. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.
- A. the normative approach; survival of the fittest
- B. noble savages; physical maturation
- C. tabula rasa; natural selection
- D. natural selection; survival of the fittest
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized natural selection and survival of the fittest. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring. Survival of the fittest refers to the idea that the organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time. Both concepts are central to Darwin's theory of evolution. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the key principles highlighted by Darwin in his theory of evolution.
5. What is the goal of applied behavior analysis?
- A. outline changes in temperament over the lifespan
- B. eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
- C. examine how we think about ourselves and other people
- D. synthesize information from various sources into a detailed picture of a person's personality
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: "eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses." Applied behavior analysis aims to modify behavior by focusing on eliminating unwanted behaviors and reinforcing desirable ones. It does not primarily deal with changes in temperament (choice A), self-perception (choice C), or personality traits (choice D). The approach involves techniques such as reinforcement to target specific behaviors, rather than broader cognitive processes or personality characteristics.
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