ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Exam 1
1. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.
- A. spina bifida
- B. anencephaly
- C. cerebral palsy
- D. muscular dystrophy
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.
2. Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?
- A. About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
- B. In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
- C. About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
- D. Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.' This statement is true as South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate as women account for more than 50% of new HIV infections globally. Choice C is misleading as the majority of new HIV infections actually occur in sub-Saharan Africa, not just developing countries. Choice D is also incorrect as without treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher than 30%.
3. What is the longest stage of labor?
- A. Delivery of the baby
- B. Delivery of the placenta
- C. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
- D. Release of epinephrine and cortisol
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dilation and effacement of the cervix. This stage can last for hours, especially for first-time mothers, as the cervix needs to dilate and efface to allow for the baby's passage through the birth canal. Once the cervix is fully dilated and effaced, the woman can begin pushing during the second stage of labor to deliver the baby. The delivery of the baby itself is usually a shorter process compared to the time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they represent other stages within the labor process that come after the dilation and effacement of the cervix.
4. Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the __________.
- A. fourth week of pregnancy
- B. third month of pregnancy
- C. end of the second trimester
- D. beginning of the third trimester
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the third month of pregnancy (choice B). During the third month of pregnancy, which is around 9-12 weeks, a fetal heartbeat can typically be heard using a stethoscope. This is an exciting milestone for expectant parents as it provides reassurance about the baby's well-being. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because by the fourth week of pregnancy, the fetal heartbeat is not usually detectable with a stethoscope. The end of the second trimester and the beginning of the third trimester are too late in the pregnancy timeline for this milestone.
5. In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.
- A. cross-sectional
- B. experimental
- C. longitudinal
- D. correlational
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.
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