Nursing Elites

1. Like Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach __________.

• A. divides development into stages
• B. views development as discontinuous
• C. regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking
• D. has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking.' The information-processing approach, similar to Piaget's theory, focuses on how individuals actively process information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it to understand the world around them. Choices A and B are incorrect because the information-processing approach does not necessarily divide development into stages or view development as discontinuous. Choice D is incorrect because the information-processing approach is more concerned with cognitive processes like encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than nonlinear cognition such as imagination and creativity.

2. Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a __________.

• A. naturalistic observation
• B. case study
• C. natural experiment
• D. field experiment

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom, which is an example of a field experiment. A field experiment involves manipulating independent variables in a natural setting to observe the effects on participants. This design allows for more control over variables compared to naturalistic observation, case studies, or natural experiments. Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulating any variables. A case study focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group. A natural experiment involves observing naturally occurring events without intervention or manipulation by the researcher.

3. The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________.

• A. predictable and universal
• B. highly organized and sequential
• C. attained in a neat, stepwise fashion
• D. loosely organized and overlapping

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Kohlberg's moral stages are not strictly sequential but rather overlap and are more fluid, much like Piaget's cognitive stages. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because Kohlberg's stages do not follow a neat, predictable, or highly organized pattern, as they can be revisited and experienced in varying orders.

4. The force of blood flowing through the __________ keeps it firm.

• A. amnion
• B. umbilical cord
• C. yolk sac
• D. embryonic disk

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The force of blood flowing through the umbilical cord keeps it firm. The umbilical cord is the connection between the placenta and the fetus, providing essential nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby. Blood flow through the umbilical cord helps maintain its structure and function throughout the prenatal period. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not play a role in providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby or in maintaining its firmness.

5. At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.

• A. 3, the 'good boy/good girl' orientation
• B. 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
• C. 5, the social contract orientation
• D. 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: '5, the social contract orientation.' At Kohlberg's Stage 5, individuals begin to question their own social order and focus on principles of justice and fairness. This stage emphasizes the importance of social contracts and agreements based on mutual benefit. Choice A is incorrect as the 'good boy/good girl' orientation is characteristic of Stage 3. Choice B, the social-order-maintaining orientation, does not align with the description provided in the question. Choice D, the universal ethical principle orientation, is associated with Stage 6, where individuals act based on self-chosen ethical principles.

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