ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam Answers
1. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?
- A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
- B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
- C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
- D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.
2. Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.
- A. imitation
- B. adaptation
- C. self-efficacy
- D. scaffolding
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of adaptation, which refers to the process by which individuals adjust to new information and experiences by modifying their existing cognitive structures. Piaget believed that this process of adaptation involved two key components: assimilation, where individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas, and accommodation, where individuals adjust their schemas to fit new information. This concept highlights the dynamic nature of cognitive development and the importance of interaction between individuals and their environment in shaping intellectual growth. Choice A, 'imitation,' is incorrect as Piaget's theory focuses on how individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it, rather than simply imitating others. Choice C, 'self-efficacy,' is not the central concept in Piaget's theory; self-efficacy is a concept from Bandura's social cognitive theory. Choice D, 'scaffolding,' is associated with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, not Piaget's theory.
3. Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is __________.
- A. aspirin
- B. diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- C. thalidomide
- D. isotretinoin
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, isotretinoin. Isotretinoin is a medication commonly used to treat severe acne, but it is a potent teratogen, meaning it can cause severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Aspirin (choice A) is not a widely used potent teratogen. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (choice B) was a known teratogen, but it is not currently widely used. Thalidomide (choice C) was another historical teratogen, but it is also not currently widely used. Therefore, isotretinoin is the most relevant answer as it is a commonly used medication that poses a high risk of birth defects if used during pregnancy.
4. How can families prevent escalating demands that lead to chaos?
- A. Parental multitasking
- B. Eating separate meals
- C. Compression of family routines
- D. High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable
Correct answer: D
Rationale: High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable can help prevent escalating demands on families that lead to chaos. This is achieved by providing a stable and supportive environment for children, enabling parents to balance work and family responsibilities effectively. Access to reliable child care reduces stress and helps in preventing chaos within the family, ultimately leading to improved well-being for both parents and children. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address the need for external support to manage family demands and prevent chaos. Parental multitasking, eating separate meals, and compressing family routines may not provide the necessary stability and support required to prevent escalating demands on families.
5. Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?
- A. Paul learned to play the violin at a young age.
- B. Jack enjoys hiking in the mountains.
- C. Sarah prefers reading mystery novels.
- D. Alex excels in mathematics.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The corrected statement 'Paul learned to play the violin at a young age' provides an example of an age-graded influence. This is because learning to play the violin is a behavior that is typical or expected at a certain age, reflecting how age influences individuals' experiences and development. In contrast, choices B, C, and D do not directly relate to age-graded influences. Jack's enjoyment of hiking, Sarah's preference for reading mystery novels, and Alex's proficiency in mathematics are not inherently tied to age-related developmental influences.
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