ATI RN
ATI Fluid and Electrolytes
1. The term used to describe a blood sodium level of more than 145 mEq/L is:
- A. hyponatremia.
- B. hyperkalemia.
- C. hypernatremia.
- D. hypercalcemia.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: hypernatremia. Hypernatremia refers to an elevated level of sodium in the blood, specifically when it is more than 145 mEq/L. Choice A, hyponatremia, is incorrect as it refers to low sodium levels. Choice B, hyperkalemia, is incorrect as it refers to high potassium levels, not sodium. Choice D, hypercalcemia, is also incorrect as it relates to elevated calcium levels, not sodium.
2. What percentage of body water can be as high as in a newborn?
- A. 80%.
- B. 70%.
- C. 60%.
- D. 90%.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 80%. Newborns can have a body water content as high as 80% due to their higher total body water compared to adults. Choice B (70%) is incorrect because newborns typically have a higher body water percentage. Choice C (60%) is also incorrect as it underestimates the body water content in newborns. Choice D (90%) is incorrect as it overestimates the body water percentage in newborns.
3. What is the main water-holding force in the blood capillaries?
- A. Capillary blood pressure
- B. Sodium in the blood plasma
- C. Protein in the blood plasma
- D. Chloride in the blood plasma
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein in the blood plasma. Plasma proteins, especially albumin, create oncotic pressure, which is the main force responsible for holding water within the blood capillaries. Capillary blood pressure (Choice A) is involved in pushing blood through the capillaries, while sodium and chloride in the blood plasma (Choices B and D) are electrolytes and do not play a significant role in the water-holding force within capillaries.
4. Which negative ion is most important in intracellular fluid?
- A. Phosphate ions.
- B. Protein molecules.
- C. Chlorine.
- D. Phosphate ions and protein molecules.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Intracellular fluid contains phosphate ions and protein molecules as essential anions. Phosphate ions play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including energy transfer. Proteins, being large molecules with negative charges, also contribute significantly to the negative ion concentration within cells. Chlorine is primarily an extracellular anion and is not as prominent as phosphate ions and proteins within intracellular fluid, making it a less important negative ion in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is D because both phosphate ions and protein molecules are crucial negative ions in intracellular fluid.
5. What is the function of aldosterone?
- A. Regulates body temperature.
- B. Decreases blood pressure.
- C. Increases sodium reabsorption.
- D. Promotes water excretion.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys, which leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect as aldosterone does not regulate body temperature. Choice B is incorrect as aldosterone increases blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone promotes water retention by increasing sodium reabsorption.
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