ATI RN
ATI Fluid and Electrolytes
1. The chief mechanism for maintaining fluid balance is to:
- A. adjust fluid intake so it equals fluid output.
- B. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly above fluid output.
- C. adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.
- D. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly below fluid output.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.' Maintaining fluid balance involves ensuring that the amount of fluid lost through processes like urination, sweating, and respiration equals the amount of fluid taken in. This ensures that the body stays properly hydrated. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not focus on the balance between fluid input and output, which is crucial for maintaining proper fluid balance. By adjusting fluid output to equal fluid input, the body can regulate hydration levels effectively, preventing dehydration or overhydration.
2. When considering overhydration:
- A. occurs less often than dehydration.
- B. can strain the kidneys.
- C. can be caused by giving intravenous fluids too rapidly.
- D. less common than dehydration.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Overhydration can occur when intravenous fluids are administered too quickly, overwhelming the body's ability to excrete the excess fluid. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect because overhydration is less common than dehydration. Choice B is incorrect because while overhydration can strain the kidneys, it is not due to the burden being too heavy. Choice D is incorrect because dehydration is more common than overhydration.
3. How would a decrease in blood protein concentration impact the fluid volumes?
- A. increase interstitial fluid volume.
- B. decrease blood plasma volume.
- C. decrease interstitial fluid volume.
- D. increase interstitial fluid volume and decrease blood plasma volume.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: A decrease in blood protein concentration would lead to a reduction in osmotic pressure, which is responsible for drawing fluid back into the capillaries. This decrease in osmotic pressure would result in an increase in interstitial fluid volume as fluid moves out of the capillaries, and a decrease in blood plasma volume as less fluid is drawn back into the circulation. Therefore, the correct answer is to increase interstitial fluid volume and decrease blood plasma volume. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not reflect the impact of decreased blood protein concentration on fluid volumes.
4. Who would have the greatest percentage of body water?
- A. an obese male
- B. a nonobese male
- C. a nonobese female
- D. a newborn
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Newborns have a higher percentage of body water compared to adults due to their higher body fluid content. Factors such as the higher ratio of body surface area to body volume and lower body fat content contribute to this. This is why a newborn would have the greatest percentage of body water. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because obesity and gender do not determine the percentage of body water in individuals. Therefore, the correct answer is a newborn.
5. What is the most important regulator of the amount of sodium in the body?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Small intestine
- C. Large intestine
- D. Skin
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating the amount of sodium in the body. They achieve this by filtering blood and controlling the excretion or reabsorption of sodium. The small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption, not sodium regulation. The large intestine is mainly involved in water absorption and waste elimination, not sodium balance. The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweating and does not directly regulate sodium levels.
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