Nursing Elites

1. In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.

• A. cross-sectional
• B. experimental
• C. longitudinal
• D. correlational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.

2. It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because __________.

• A. most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research
• B. the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days
• C. most drug-using mothers quit using illegal drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy
• D. drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy is due to the fact that drug users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from other stresses. This makes it challenging to identify the specific impact of each individual factor on prenatal development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not address the complexity of the situation involving drug users during pregnancy. Most drug-using mothers refusing to participate in teratology research, the majority of babies not surviving, or drug-using mothers quitting during the first trimester do not directly explain the difficulty in isolating the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy.

3. According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

• A. mistrust
• B. despair
• C. stagnation
• D. isolation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, despair is the stage that aging adults face when they reflect on their life and feel they have not achieved their goals, with little time left to correct their mistakes. Mistrust (choice A) is associated with infancy, stagnation (choice C) with middle adulthood, and isolation (choice D) with young adulthood, and are not relevant to the described scenario of aging adults reflecting on their life decisions.

4. Under ethical standards, when is deception permitted in research studies?

• A. if the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception
• B. if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary
• C. if researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors
• D. if the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary. Institutional review boards are responsible for ensuring that research studies comply with ethical guidelines and protect the welfare of study participants. Deception should only be used when necessary, and the board's approval indicates that safeguards are in place to minimize harm to participants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ethical deception in research studies is not based on the age of participants, observing from behind mirrors, or obtaining informed consent without revealing the study's real purpose.

5. What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?

• A. Stimulate the Babinski reflex.
• B. Play loud music to distract the baby.
• C. Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby.
• D. Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary. Answer: C Page Ref: 108 Skill Level: Apply Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 35 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Offering a sugar solution while gently holding the baby can help reduce the newborn's discomfort during circumcision. This method has been found to effectively decrease pain perception and can provide some comfort to the baby during the procedure. Stimulating the Babinski reflex, playing loud music to distract the baby, and assuming newborns have low sensitivity to pain are not recommended strategies for reducing discomfort during circumcision.

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