Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes a sequential design?

• A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
• B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
• C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
• D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.

2. Among all Western nations, which country has the highest percentage of extremely poor children?

• A. the United States
• B. Canada
• C. Germany
• D. France

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'the United States.' According to the information provided, the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations. This is supported by the extract, which states that the United States leads in this aspect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the question specifically asks for the country with the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations, which is the United States.

3. When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

• A. sadness
• B. stranger anxiety
• C. separation anxiety
• D. disgust

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.

4. Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

• A. the tertiary circular reaction
• B. reflexive schemes
• C. object permanence
• D. deferred imitation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Avery demonstrating the ability to retrieve his ball hidden under a blanket indicates that he has started to understand object permanence. Object permanence is the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This milestone typically occurs around 8-12 months of age. The other choices are incorrect. Option A, the tertiary circular reaction, is related to Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development but does not specifically address object permanence. Reflexive schemes (Option B) refer to simple, reflex-like behaviors and are not directly linked to object permanence. Deferred imitation (Option D) involves the ability to imitate actions observed at an earlier time, which is a different developmental milestone compared to object permanence.

5. Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.

• A. scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
• B. had lower academic achievement scores
• C. showed more aggressive behavior
• D. reported less alcohol and drug use

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership reported less alcohol and drug use compared to their comparison-group agemates. This indicates that the program may have a positive impact in reducing risky behaviors among adolescents whose mothers received home visits. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the extract specifically mentions that the children reported less alcohol and drug use, and there is no mention of impulsivity, overactivity, academic achievement scores, or aggressive behavior in this context.

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