Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes a sequential design?

• A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
• B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
• C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
• D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.

2. One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

• A. underestimates the individual's contribution to his or her own development
• B. ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence
• C. underestimates the competencies of infants and preschoolers, focusing on older children and adolescents
• D. is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The criticism that the information-processing approach ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence, suggests a limitation of the theory in not fully acknowledging that cognitive development continues throughout the lifespan. This criticism highlights a potential drawback of the approach in terms of its understanding of cognitive changes beyond adolescence. Choice A is incorrect because the criticism is not about underestimating the individual's contribution. Choice C is also incorrect as the criticism is not related to age-specific competencies. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on a different aspect of the information-processing approach.

3. What is one challenge associated with longitudinal research?

• A. It does not allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships.
• B. Participants may relocate or drop out of the study.
• C. Findings may not be applicable to real-world scenarios.
• D. It does not allow for the examination of individual developmental patterns.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: One challenge associated with longitudinal research is that participants may relocate or drop out of the study over time. This can result in missing data and potential biases in the findings, impacting the study's overall validity and reliability. Furthermore, it can present difficulties for researchers in accurately monitoring and analyzing changes in individuals over an extended period. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because longitudinal research can indeed allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships, findings can be generalized to the real world with appropriate design and sampling, and it is suitable for studying individual developmental patterns.

4. __________, a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery, blocks sensation.

• A. Anesthetics
• B. Analgesics
• C. Anti-inflammatories
• D. Folic acids

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Anesthetics, such as epidurals, are a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery that block sensation. They work by numbing the nerves in the lower part of the spine, providing pain relief during childbirth. Choice B, Analgesics, are pain relievers that reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, but they are not as strong as anesthetics for labor pain. Choice C, Anti-inflammatories, are medications that reduce inflammation and do not directly block sensation like anesthetics. Choice D, Folic acids, are a type of B vitamin crucial for cell growth and metabolism, not used as painkillers in labor and delivery.

5. Regarding a baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, stress hormones __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 21 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. endanger the newborn
• B. arouse the infant into alertness
• C. cause the cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract
• D. cause the mother to breathe deeply, increasing the infant’s oxygen supply Answer: B Page Ref: 94 Skill Level: Understand newborn baby’s appearance. Topic: Childbirth Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stress hormones during labor and delivery actually help arouse the infant into alertness. These hormones can promote the infant's readiness to adapt to the new environment outside the womb.

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