Nursing Elites

1. The yolk sac __________.

• A. forms during the third trimester of pregnancy
• B. is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 3 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• C. produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
• D. contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste Answer: C Page Ref: 77 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The yolk sac is an extraembryonic membrane that plays a significant role in the early development of the embryo. One of its functions is to produce blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function. This process occurs during the early stages of prenatal development to support the growing embryo before it can sustain itself independently.

2. Which statement about epidural analgesia is true?

• A. It numbs the entire lower half of the body.
• B. It limits pain reduction to the pelvic region.
• C. It strengthens uterine contractions.
• D. It shortens the length of labor.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct statement about epidural analgesia is that it limits pain reduction to the pelvic region by blocking nerve signals from that specific area, providing pain relief during labor and delivery. Choice A is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not numb the entire lower half of the body. Choice C is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not strengthen uterine contractions; in fact, it may sometimes weaken them. Choice D is incorrect because epidural analgesia does not shorten the length of labor; it can sometimes prolong labor.

3. In the United States, the second leading cause of neonatal mortality is __________, which is largely preventable.

• A. malnutrition
• B. physical abnormality
• C. low birth weight
• D. sudden infant death syndrome

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The second leading cause of neonatal mortality in the United States is low birth weight, which is largely preventable through proper prenatal care, nutrition, and health interventions. Low birth weight infants are at higher risk for various health complications and mortality, making it an important issue to address in maternal and child health programs. Malnutrition (choice A) can contribute to low birth weight but is not the direct cause of neonatal mortality. Physical abnormality (choice B) can be a factor in some cases but is not the second leading cause overall. Sudden infant death syndrome (choice D) refers to unexplained deaths of seemingly healthy babies and is not related to low birth weight as a leading cause of neonatal mortality.

4. During prenatal development, the ectoderm becomes the __________.

• A. muscles and skeleton
• B. nervous system and skin
• C. circulatory system and other internal organs
• D. digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system and skin. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as the skin, develop from the ectoderm layer of cells during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect because muscles and skeleton develop from mesoderm. Choice C is incorrect because the circulatory system and other internal organs develop from mesoderm and endoderm. Choice D is incorrect because the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands develop from endoderm.

5. Under ethical standards, when is deception permitted in research studies?

• A. if the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception
• B. if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary
• C. if researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors
• D. if the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary. Institutional review boards are responsible for ensuring that research studies comply with ethical guidelines and protect the welfare of study participants. Deception should only be used when necessary, and the board's approval indicates that safeguards are in place to minimize harm to participants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because ethical deception in research studies is not based on the age of participants, observing from behind mirrors, or obtaining informed consent without revealing the study's real purpose.

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