Nursing Elites

1. Kathryn would like to give birth in a medical facility that permits maternal control over labor and delivery, including choice of delivery positions, and allows the presence of family members and friends. Kathryn should consider giving birth at a __________.

• A. private home
• B. local hospital
• C. doula center
• D. freestanding birth center

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Kathryn should consider giving birth at a freestanding birth center. Freestanding birth centers provide a setting where women can have more control over their labor and delivery experience, including the choice of delivery positions, the presence of family members and friends, and involvement in decision-making throughout the process. These centers offer a more home-like environment compared to hospitals while still providing access to medical support if needed. Choices A (private home) and B (local hospital) do not necessarily guarantee the level of control and facilities Kathryn seeks. While a doula center (Choice C) can provide additional support during labor, it may not offer the same level of medical facilities and control over the birthing process as a freestanding birth center.

2. Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often __________.

• A. display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles
• B. cry less than those with no brain functioning problems
• C. spend about 20 percent of their total sleep time in REM sleep
• D. have very low or inaudible cries

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles. This disruption in the sleep cycle can be a sign of neurological issues and can impact the newborn's overall health and development. Choice B is incorrect because infants with brain damage or birth trauma may actually cry more due to their discomfort or neurological issues. Choice C is incorrect because spending about 20 percent of total sleep time in REM sleep is not necessarily specific to brain-damaged or birth-traumatized infants. Choice D is incorrect because having very low or inaudible cries is not a common characteristic associated with brain damage or birth trauma in infants.

3. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

• A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
• B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
• C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
• D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

4. During prenatal development, the ectoderm becomes the __________.

• A. muscles and skeleton
• B. nervous system and skin
• C. circulatory system and other internal organs
• D. digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system and skin. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as the skin, develop from the ectoderm layer of cells during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect because muscles and skeleton develop from mesoderm. Choice C is incorrect because the circulatory system and other internal organs develop from mesoderm and endoderm. Choice D is incorrect because the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands develop from endoderm.

5. Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.

• A. imitation
• B. adaptation
• C. self-efficacy
• D. scaffolding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of adaptation, which refers to the process by which individuals adjust to new information and experiences by modifying their existing cognitive structures. Piaget believed that this process of adaptation involved two key components: assimilation, where individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas, and accommodation, where individuals adjust their schemas to fit new information. This concept highlights the dynamic nature of cognitive development and the importance of interaction between individuals and their environment in shaping intellectual growth. Choice A, 'imitation,' is incorrect as Piaget's theory focuses on how individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it, rather than simply imitating others. Choice C, 'self-efficacy,' is not the central concept in Piaget's theory; self-efficacy is a concept from Bandura's social cognitive theory. Choice D, 'scaffolding,' is associated with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, not Piaget's theory.

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