Nursing Elites

1. According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who __________.

• A. feels forced and shamed
• B. acts competently on his own
• C. asserts his independence
• D. feels self-confident

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to Erikson, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who feels forced and shamed. This is because overly controlling parents can make the child feel inadequate, leading to a sense of shame and doubt. Choice B, 'acts competently on his own,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parents hinder the child's ability to act independently. Choice C, 'asserts his independence,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parents can actually suppress the child's independence. Choice D, 'feels self-confident,' is incorrect because overcontrolling parenting can undermine the child's confidence and lead to feelings of inadequacy.

2. Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.

• A. taught women to fear the birth experience
• B. helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
• C. taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
• D. helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had taught women to fear the birth experience. They believed that this fear contributed to increased pain during labor and advocated for methods to reduce fear and promote relaxation during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as the focus is on fear, not on techniques to lessen pain. Choice C is incorrect as the experts did not advocate against medical intervention but rather against unnecessary fear. Choice D is incorrect as the experts aimed to change attitudes towards childbirth, not redirect focus to child rearing.

3. The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the __________.

• A. zygote
• B. blastocyst
• C. embryo
• D. fetus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: embryo. The most rapid prenatal changes occur during the embryo stage, which spans from approximately 2 to 8 weeks after conception. This period is crucial as major organs and systems of the body develop rapidly, laying the foundation for future growth and development. The zygote stage is the initial single-celled entity formed by the union of sperm and egg, while the blastocyst stage involves the cluster of cells resulting from the zygote dividing and growing. The fetus stage follows the embryo stage and focuses on refining and growing existing structures rather than rapid development. Therefore, the embryo stage is where the most significant and rapid changes take place in prenatal development.

4. Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.

• A. nurture
• B. stages
• C. stability
• D. nature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, nurture. Nurture refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior and development. In this scenario, Justin's adoptive mother believes that providing sensitive caregiving will override the negative effects of his early experiences in the orphanage, highlighting the importance of nurture in promoting healthy development. Choice B, stages, is incorrect as it refers to the sequence of developmental milestones individuals pass through. Choice C, stability, is incorrect as it pertains to the consistency of behavior or development over time. Choice D, nature, is incorrect as it relates to genetic and biological factors influencing development, which is not the focus of Justin's mother's beliefs.

5. During prenatal development, the ectoderm folds over to form the __________, or primitive spinal cord.

• A. mesoderm; neuron tract
• B. neural tube
• C. endoderm; neural tube
• D. neuron tract

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. During prenatal development, the ectoderm folds over to form the neural tube, which eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. The neural tube is the precursor to the central nervous system, including the primitive spinal cord. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the mesoderm does not form the neural tube, the endoderm is not involved in the formation of the central nervous system, and neuron tract is not the structure that forms the primitive spinal cord.

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