Nursing Elites

1. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?

• A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
• B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
• C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
• D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.

2. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

• A. way the angry encounters end
• B. amount of unresolved anger
• C. frequency of angry encounters
• D. children's emotional reactions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the children's emotional reactions. The dependent variable is the outcome being measured or tested in an experiment. In this study, the researchers are trying to understand how the way angry encounters end influences children's emotions. Therefore, the emotional reactions of the children would be the dependent variable that is being studied and measured in relation to the way angry encounters end. Choices A, B, and C are not the dependent variable in this scenario. While they may be related factors, the main focus of the study is on how the way angry encounters end impacts children's emotional reactions, making children's emotional reactions the dependent variable.

3. To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

• A. sedentary adults
• B. competitive athletes
• C. men in their mid- to late thirties
• D. women in their childbearing years

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: competitive athletes. Competitive athletes are often studied by researchers to investigate the impact of biological aging on motor skills because their performance is closely linked to physical abilities. Sedentary adults (choice A) may not provide a clear understanding of the relationship between biological aging and motor skills as they may not engage in consistent physical activity. Men in their mid- to late thirties (choice C) and women in their childbearing years (choice D) may not represent a group where motor skills are as finely tuned and critical to performance as in competitive athletes.

4. In the last weeks of pregnancy, __________.

• A. the fetus usually loses weight
• B. most fetuses assume an upside-down position
• C. fetal growth increases dramatically
• D. the fetus relies on its own well-developed immune system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the last weeks of pregnancy, most fetuses assume an upside-down position known as the head-down position or vertex presentation. This position is ideal for a smoother labor and delivery process as it helps the baby move through the birth canal. Fetal growth has already slowed down at this stage, so option C is incorrect. Option A is inaccurate as the fetus typically gains weight in the final weeks. Option D is incorrect because the fetus relies on the mother's immune system while in the womb.

5. What is the longest stage of labor?

• A. Delivery of the baby
• B. Delivery of the placenta
• C. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
• D. Release of epinephrine and cortisol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dilation and effacement of the cervix. This stage can last for hours, especially for first-time mothers, as the cervix needs to dilate and efface to allow for the baby's passage through the birth canal. Once the cervix is fully dilated and effaced, the woman can begin pushing during the second stage of labor to deliver the baby. The delivery of the baby itself is usually a shorter process compared to the time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they represent other stages within the labor process that come after the dilation and effacement of the cervix.

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