Nursing Elites

1. Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.

• A. intimacy
• B. ego identity
• C. ego integrity
• D. initiative

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'ego integrity.' Erikson's concept of ego integrity involves reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction, which requires continuity in personal history. This sense of integrity is developed in late adulthood and is characterized by a feeling of wholeness and fulfillment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Intimacy (choice A) relates to forming close relationships, ego identity (choice B) pertains to a stable sense of self, and initiative (choice D) is about being proactive and exploring the environment, which are not directly associated with preserving personal history for a sense of satisfaction in later life.

2. Who believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. Renée Baillargeon
• C. Noam Chomsky
• D. Lev Vygotsky

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural tools in the development of higher cognitive functions. Jean Piaget focused more on individual cognitive development stages, Renée Baillargeon is known for her work in infant cognition and object permanence, and Noam Chomsky is renowned for his theories in linguistics and the study of language.

3. Fraternal twins are ____________.

• A. genetically identical
• B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
• C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
• D. less likely with each additional birth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.

4. Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

• A. nurture
• B. continuous
• C. discontinuous
• D. nature

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Kostel's belief in stage-based development aligns with the discontinuous perspective, which sees development as a series of distinct stages. The continuous perspective (choice B) suggests development as a smooth and gradual process without distinct stages. The nature perspective (choice D) focuses on genetic and hereditary influences on development. The nurture perspective (choice A) emphasizes the impact of environment and upbringing on development, which is not directly related to the belief in stage-based development.

5. __________ coping is largely emotion-focused and self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.

• A. Avoidant
• B. Ineffective
• C. Problem-focused
• D. Flexible

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Avoidant.' Avoidant coping refers to strategies that involve avoiding the problem and focusing more on emotions. This type of coping mechanism can often lead to negative outcomes as individuals may engage in self-blaming, impulsive behaviors, or seek escapist routes rather than addressing the issue directly. Choice B, 'Ineffective,' is a broad term and does not specifically capture the characteristics described in the question. Choice C, 'Problem-focused,' is the opposite of avoidant coping as it involves actively addressing the issue at hand. Choice D, 'Flexible,' does not align with the description provided, as flexibility in coping involves adapting strategies based on the situation, not necessarily being emotion-focused, self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.

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