Nursing Elites

1. Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.

• A. intimacy
• B. ego identity
• C. ego integrity
• D. initiative

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'ego integrity.' Erikson's concept of ego integrity involves reflecting on life with a sense of satisfaction, which requires continuity in personal history. This sense of integrity is developed in late adulthood and is characterized by a feeling of wholeness and fulfillment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Intimacy (choice A) relates to forming close relationships, ego identity (choice B) pertains to a stable sense of self, and initiative (choice D) is about being proactive and exploring the environment, which are not directly associated with preserving personal history for a sense of satisfaction in later life.

2. When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

• A. sadness
• B. stranger anxiety
• C. separation anxiety
• D. disgust

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.

3. According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 20 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. microsystem
• B. mesosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. macrosystem Answer: A Page Ref: 23 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate social context in which an individual lives, such as interactions with family members, friends, and teachers. Marina and Tyler's interactions within their family unit would be considered part of the microsystem.

4. In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.

• A. children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus
• B. infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward
• C. children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus
• D. children have an innate, inborn fear of rats Answer: C Page Ref: 16 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In the historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert conducted by John Watson, it was demonstrated that children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus. This is known as classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response. In this case, Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing the rat with a loud noise. This experiment showcased the power of conditioning in shaping behavior and emotional responses in children.

5. According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

• A. an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment
• B. the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
• C. the ability to copy the behavior of others
• D. an organized way of making sense of experience

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is an organized way of making sense of experience. This term refers to mental structures or frameworks that help individuals interpret and understand the world around them. Choice A is incorrect because schemes are developed through interaction with the environment. Choice B refers to object permanence, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not schemes. Choice C describes observational learning, which is different from the concept of schemes in cognitive development.

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