Nursing Elites

1. Terrance, whose birth mother drank heavily throughout pregnancy, has a thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, and a smooth philtrum. His physical growth has been slow, and he shows impairment in memory, attention span, motor coordination, and social skills. Terrance has __________.

• A. fetal alcohol syndrome
• B. partial fetal alcohol syndrome
• C. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
• D. cytomegalovirus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Terrance exhibits a combination of physical abnormalities like a thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, and a smooth philtrum, along with developmental delays and cognitive impairments. These characteristics are indicative of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. FAS is a severe condition resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure and is characterized by a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral issues. Choice A, fetal alcohol syndrome, is the correct answer as it aligns with Terrance's symptoms and the effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not encompass the full spectrum of symptoms and impairments presented by Terrance, which are specific to fetal alcohol syndrome.

2. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition in learning through observation. It highlights the significance of mental processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in shaping behavior. Choice A, behavior modification, focuses more on changing specific behaviors through various techniques. Choice B, punishment, involves the application of negative consequences to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Choice D, reinforcement, centers on the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the probability of a behavior.

3. Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to __________.

• A. facial abnormalities and heart defects
• B. defects of the genitals and urinary tract
• C. low birth weight and brain damage
• D. a variety of childhood cancers

Correct answer: C

Rationale: High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to low birth weight and brain damage. Lead exposure during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as decreased birth weight and potential long-term brain damage. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the known effects of prenatal lead exposure. While lead exposure can indeed cause a variety of health issues, such as heart defects and urinary tract problems, the primary concerns related to prenatal exposure are low birth weight and brain damage.

4. Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's _______ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years.

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. formal operational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: concrete operational. During the concrete operational stage, children start to engage in logical thinking about concrete events. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 to 11 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The sensorimotor stage (choice A) is the first stage in Piaget's theory, occurring from birth to about 2 years old. The preoperational stage (choice B) follows the sensorimotor stage and occurs roughly from ages 2 to 7 years. The formal operational stage (choice D) is the final stage in Piaget's theory, where abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning develop, usually beginning around age 11.

5. Which factor fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept?

• A. Permissive parenting
• B. A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
• C. Authoritarian parenting
• D. Strong identification with an other-sex parent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship is crucial in fostering a positive and coherent early self-concept in children. This type of relationship provides support, security, and emotional guidance, helping children develop a strong sense of self-worth and self-identity. Permissive parenting (Choice A) may lead to confusion and inconsistency in discipline, impacting the child's self-concept negatively. Authoritarian parenting (Choice C), characterized by strict rules and a lack of warmth, can result in a child feeling insecure and having a negative self-concept. Strong identification with an other-sex parent (Choice D) may influence gender identity development but may not directly impact the early self-concept in the same way a warm and sensitive parent-child relationship does.

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