Nursing Elites

1. Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

• A. egocentrism
• B. language
• C. sensorimotor activity
• D. self-reflection

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Vygotsky believed that language plays a crucial role in the development of higher cognitive functions. Language enables individuals to communicate, think abstractly, and engage in complex problem-solving, forming the foundation for higher cognitive processes. Egocentrism (Choice A) refers to a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, not Vygotsky's. Sensorimotor activity (Choice C) is part of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, focusing on how infants understand the world through sensory experiences and physical actions. Self-reflection (Choice D) involves introspection and examination of one's thoughts and feelings, which is not the central concept in Vygotsky's theory.

2. By age 2, children __________.

• A. take turns in face-to-face interaction
• B. can infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention
• C. adjust their speech to fit the age of their listeners
• D. adjust their speech to fit the social status of their listeners

Correct answer: C

Rationale: By age 2, children are capable of adjusting their speech to fit the age of their listeners, showing early social cognition. Choice A is incorrect because taking turns in face-to-face interaction typically develops later in childhood. Choice B is incorrect as the ability to infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention is a more advanced skill not typically seen at age 2. Choice D is also incorrect as children at age 2 are not developmentally ready to adjust their speech based on the social status of their listeners.

3. When children are research participants, __________.

• A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
• B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
• C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
• D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.

4. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

• A. way the angry encounters end
• B. amount of unresolved anger
• C. frequency of angry encounters
• D. children's emotional reactions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the children's emotional reactions. The dependent variable is the outcome being measured or tested in an experiment. In this study, the researchers are trying to understand how the way angry encounters end influences children's emotions. Therefore, the emotional reactions of the children would be the dependent variable that is being studied and measured in relation to the way angry encounters end. Choices A, B, and C are not the dependent variable in this scenario. While they may be related factors, the main focus of the study is on how the way angry encounters end impacts children's emotional reactions, making children's emotional reactions the dependent variable.

5. Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father __________.

• A. nearly twice as many girls as boys
• B. nearly three times as many boys as girls
• C. more twins and triplets than unaffected men
• D. fewer children than unaffected men

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father nearly twice as many girls as boys. This is due to the impact of dioxin exposure on sperm cells, leading to a skewed ratio of female to male offspring. Choice B is incorrect as the question specifically mentions that men father more girls than boys. Choice C is incorrect as dioxin exposure does not necessarily lead to more twins and triplets. Choice D is incorrect as men with dioxin in their bloodstream father more girls, not fewer children overall.

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