Nursing Elites

1. In the __________ period, teratogens rarely have any impact.

• A. germinal
• B. embryonic
• C. fetal
• D. prenatal

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the germinal period of prenatal development, which lasts for about the first two weeks after fertilization, the developing organism is a zygote that has not yet implanted in the uterus. During this period, teratogens rarely have any impact because essential implantation and early cellular division processes are occurring. Teratogens are more likely to have significant effects during the later embryonic and fetal periods of development. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, embryonic period, is incorrect because teratogens have a higher likelihood of impacting development during this period. Choice C, fetal period, is also incorrect as teratogens can impact development during this stage as well. Choice D, prenatal, is a broad term encompassing the entire period of development from conception to birth and is not a specific developmental stage where teratogens have a minimal impact.

2. In an experimental study examining whether children who are read to more often score higher on vocabulary tests in first grade, the independent variable would be the __________.

• A. frequency of read-alouds
• B. type of books parents read
• C. child’s vocabulary score Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 31 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• D. difficulty of vocabulary words Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Skill Level: Apply and limitations of each. Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In an experimental study, the independent variable is the factor being manipulated or controlled by the researcher. In this case, the frequency of read-alouds is the variable that researchers would intentionally change or vary to see its effect on the dependent variable, which is the children's vocabulary scores. The other options (B. type of books parents read, C. child's vocabulary score, and D. difficulty of vocabulary words) are not the independent variable in this study as they are either irrelevant or are the outcome being measured.

3. Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the __________.

• A. fourth week of pregnancy
• B. third month of pregnancy
• C. end of the second trimester
• D. beginning of the third trimester

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the third month of pregnancy (choice B). During the third month of pregnancy, which is around 9-12 weeks, a fetal heartbeat can typically be heard using a stethoscope. This is an exciting milestone for expectant parents as it provides reassurance about the baby's well-being. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because by the fourth week of pregnancy, the fetal heartbeat is not usually detectable with a stethoscope. The end of the second trimester and the beginning of the third trimester are too late in the pregnancy timeline for this milestone.

4. Low-level radiation, resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, __________.

• A. is harmful only when combined with other teratogens
• B. can increase the risk of childhood cancer
• C. rarely causes lasting damage
• D. is safe during the last trimester

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Low-level radiation, whether from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, can increase the risk of childhood cancer by potentially damaging the developing fetus's cells. Even though the risk is relatively low, it is still a significant concern that should be acknowledged and monitored closely, especially during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect as low-level radiation can still be harmful on its own without the need to be combined with other teratogens. Choice C is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure can indeed cause lasting damage, especially in the context of childhood cancer risk. Choice D is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure, even during the last trimester, can pose risks to the developing fetus and is not considered entirely safe.

5. During the third stage of labor, __________.

• A. the cervix thins to nothing
• B. uterine contractions begin
• C. the placenta is delivered
• D. the baby is born

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the correct answer is C, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the baby is born and involves the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Choice A is incorrect because the thinning of the cervix to nothing typically occurs during the first stage of labor. Choice B is incorrect as uterine contractions usually begin during the first stage of labor to help with the dilation of the cervix. Choice D is incorrect because the baby is typically born in the second stage of labor, not the third.

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