Nursing Elites

1. Cindy tells her daughter, “I know you can do a good job on that homework” because she believes that if she encourages persistence, her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving. Cindy is applying the __________ approach.

• A. behavior modification
• B. psychosocial
• C. cognitive-developmental
• D. social-cognitive Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cindy is applying the social-cognitive approach by encouraging her daughter to believe in her own abilities and persist in her efforts. This approach emphasizes the importance of social influences and cognitive processes in shaping behavior. By providing positive reinforcement and fostering a belief in her daughter's capabilities, Cindy is helping to shape her daughter's self-perception and motivation to achieve success.

2. Which of the following is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development?

• A. Birth length
• B. Combined Apgar score
• C. Delivery date
• D. Birth weight

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Birth weight.' Birth weight is a crucial indicator of an infant's chances of survival and well-being. Low birth weight is associated with various health risks and developmental challenges. Birth length (choice A) is not as significant in predicting infant outcomes as birth weight. The Combined Apgar score (choice B) is a measure of the newborn's health status at birth, not a predictor of long-term survival and development. Delivery date (choice C) is important for determining gestational age but is not as directly related to infant survival and healthy development as birth weight.

3. Around __________, Baby Alanna should begin to prefer a salty taste to plain water.

• A. 2 weeks
• B. 6 weeks
• C. 2 months
• D. 4 months

Correct answer: D

Rationale: At around 4 months of age, babies begin to develop a preference for salty taste over plain water. This preference is part of their sensory development and exploration of tastes. Introducing a variety of flavors, including salty tastes, at this stage helps broaden the baby's palate and acceptance of different foods later on. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as babies typically do not develop a preference for salty tastes over plain water at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, or 2 months of age. These earlier stages are more focused on milk feeding and the introduction of solid foods usually begins around 4-6 months of age.

4. The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the __________.

• A. microsystem
• B. macrosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. mesosystem

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the macrosystem. This level refers to the broader cultural context that shapes the values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular society. It includes factors such as ideology, political systems, societal norms, and cultural influences that impact development at all other levels within the model. Choice A, microsystem, refers to the immediate environment or setting in which an individual lives and interacts. Choice C, exosystem, involves settings that individuals do not directly experience but still influence them. Choice D, mesosystem, refers to the connections between various aspects of an individual's microsystem.

5. In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.

• A. insecure-avoidant
• B. insecure-resistant
• C. disorganized/disoriented
• D. secure

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'secure.' Research shows that the secure attachment pattern is the most common across various societies. In this pattern, children feel safe, secure, and loved, allowing them to explore the world and seek comfort from their caregivers when needed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while these attachment patterns exist, they are not as prevalent or universal as the secure attachment pattern. Insecure-avoidant attachment involves children avoiding or ignoring their caregiver, insecure-resistant attachment consists of ambivalence and mixed emotions towards the caregiver, and disorganized/disoriented attachment is characterized by inconsistent and often chaotic behaviors towards the caregiver.

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