Nursing Elites

1. Cindy tells her daughter, “I know you can do a good job on that homework” because she believes that if she encourages persistence, her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving. Cindy is applying the __________ approach.

• A. behavior modification
• B. psychosocial
• C. cognitive-developmental
• D. social-cognitive Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cindy is applying the social-cognitive approach by encouraging her daughter to believe in her own abilities and persist in her efforts. This approach emphasizes the importance of social influences and cognitive processes in shaping behavior. By providing positive reinforcement and fostering a belief in her daughter's capabilities, Cindy is helping to shape her daughter's self-perception and motivation to achieve success.

2. Who is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement?

• A. Arnold Gesell was among the first to write child-rearing books for parents
• B. Arnold Gesell is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement
• C. Arnold Gesell foreshadowed lifespan research by writing a book on aging
• D. Arnold Gesell constructed the first successful intelligence test

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Arnold Gesell is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement, emphasizing the importance of observing and documenting children's behaviors to understand their development. While he was a significant figure in child development research, he did not specifically write child-rearing books for parents, foreshadow lifespan research, or construct the first successful intelligence test. Choice A is incorrect as Gesell's focus was more on research rather than writing child-rearing books. Choice C is incorrect as Gesell's main contributions were in child development, not specifically in aging research. Choice D is incorrect as Gesell is not credited with constructing the first successful intelligence test.

3. What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?

• A. Investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
• B. It provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
• C. It relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
• D. It provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The limitation of the ethnographic method is that investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see. This can introduce bias into the observations and potentially impact the accuracy of the findings. It is important for researchers to be aware of their own biases and strive to minimize their influence when conducting ethnographic studies. Choice B is incorrect because ethnographic methods actually aim to provide rich information on how individuals behave within their cultural contexts. Choice C is incorrect as ethnographic methods typically involve direct observation and participation rather than unobtrusive techniques like surveillance cameras. Choice D is incorrect because one of the strengths of ethnographic research is its ability to uncover the reasoning behind participants' responses by immersing the researcher in the cultural setting.

4. The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the __________.

• A. microsystem
• B. macrosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. mesosystem

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the macrosystem. This level refers to the broader cultural context that shapes the values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular society. It includes factors such as ideology, political systems, societal norms, and cultural influences that impact development at all other levels within the model. Choice A, microsystem, refers to the immediate environment or setting in which an individual lives and interacts. Choice C, exosystem, involves settings that individuals do not directly experience but still influence them. Choice D, mesosystem, refers to the connections between various aspects of an individual's microsystem.

5. Among all Western nations, which country has the highest percentage of extremely poor children?

• A. the United States
• B. Canada
• C. Germany
• D. France

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'the United States.' According to the information provided, the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations. This is supported by the extract, which states that the United States leads in this aspect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the question specifically asks for the country with the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations, which is the United States.

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