an inadequate diet during pregnancy can

ATI RN

Growth and Development Exam

1. An inadequate diet during pregnancy can __________.

A. lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight
B. reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
C. distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas
D. lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks Answer: C Page Ref: 88 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An inadequate diet during pregnancy can lead to the distortion of the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the developing fetus. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the healthy development of these organs and essential for the overall well-being of the baby. A balanced diet supports optimal growth and development, while inadequate nutrition can have detrimental effects on the baby's organs and long-term health.

2. New evidence suggests that __________.

A. there is very little cultural diversity in human development
B. environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development
C. development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts
D. people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Basic Issues Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement aligns with the concept of reciprocal influences in human development. The new evidence suggests that individuals are not only influenced by the contexts in which they develop but also contribute to shaping those contexts. This idea highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of human development, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between individuals and their environments.

3. Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?

A. ethnography
B. clinical interview
C. structured interview
D. systematic observation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ethnography. Ethnography is a research method borrowed from the field of anthropology. It involves observing and documenting behaviors and interactions in a naturalistic setting. This method allows researchers to gain insight into the cultural context and practices of a group through direct observation and participation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clinical interviews, structured interviews, and systematic observations are research methods used in different contexts and fields, not borrowed specifically from anthropology.

4. When faced with a problem, Sydney starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.

A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sydney's approach of starting with a hypothesis, deducing testable inferences, and isolating and combining variables to confirm inferences aligns with the characteristics of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage typically emerges during adolescence and is characterized by advanced logical thinking, abstract reasoning, and the ability to think systematically about all possible outcomes of a problem. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as it pertains to the stage where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. Choice B, preoperational, is incorrect as it involves egocentrism and lack of conservation. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as it focuses on operational thought and logical reasoning in concrete contexts.

5. Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.

A. practice
B. cross-sectional
C. dropout
D. cohort

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The concern Professor Higgins has regarding the findings of the longitudinal study is related to cohort effects. Cohort effects occur when a specific group of individuals experience a common event or circumstance that could influence the results of a study. In this case, the participants witnessing the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center could have had a significant impact on their development and mental health outcomes, leading to cohort effects observed in the study. Choice A, 'practice,' is incorrect as it refers to the repeated performance of an activity to improve skill. Choice B, 'cross-sectional,' is incorrect as it involves data collection at a single point in time. Choice C, 'dropout,' is incorrect as it refers to participants leaving a study prematurely.