Nursing Elites

1. Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?

• A. Paul learned to play the violin at a young age.
• B. Jack enjoys hiking in the mountains.
• C. Sarah prefers reading mystery novels.
• D. Alex excels in mathematics.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The corrected statement 'Paul learned to play the violin at a young age' provides an example of an age-graded influence. This is because learning to play the violin is a behavior that is typical or expected at a certain age, reflecting how age influences individuals' experiences and development. In contrast, choices B, C, and D do not directly relate to age-graded influences. Jack's enjoyment of hiking, Sarah's preference for reading mystery novels, and Alex's proficiency in mathematics are not inherently tied to age-related developmental influences.

2. __________ emerges early prenatally and is well-developed at birth.

• A. Visual acuity
• B. Color vision
• C. Depth perception
• D. Sensitivity to touch

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sensitivity to touch emerges early prenatally and is well-developed at birth. Newborn babies have a well-developed sense of touch, which is crucial for bonding with their caregivers and exploring their environment. This sensitivity to touch helps babies respond to comforting sensations such as gentle strokes and cuddles. Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception are sensory capabilities that develop and mature after birth, not prenatally. While important for interacting with the environment, they are not as well-developed at birth as sensitivity to touch.

3. Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?

• A. ethnography
• B. clinical interview
• C. structured interview
• D. systematic observation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ethnography. Ethnography is a research method borrowed from the field of anthropology. It involves observing and documenting behaviors and interactions in a naturalistic setting. This method allows researchers to gain insight into the cultural context and practices of a group through direct observation and participation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clinical interviews, structured interviews, and systematic observations are research methods used in different contexts and fields, not borrowed specifically from anthropology.

4. Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?

• A. Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.
• B. Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
• C. Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.
• D. Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Research on newborn taste preferences has found that not until around 4 months of age do babies start to show a preference for a salty taste over plain water. This indicates that newborns do have some ability to distinguish tastes, contrary to the statement in option A. The statement in option C that newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk is not supported by research on newborn taste preferences. Option D, stating that babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes, is also not a supported statement regarding newborn taste preferences.

5. What did John Bowlby believe?

• A. Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.
• B. The infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.
• C. Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
• D. Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby believed that the infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships. This is supported by his theory of attachment, where he emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences in shaping individuals' future relationships. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect Bowlby's main focus on attachment theory. Choice C is incorrect as Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is more than just instinctual. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's work actually paved the way for the study of attachment patterns in humans.

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