Nursing Elites

1. Where is the site of chemical communication in the brain?

• A. Neuron
• B. Synapse
• C. Axon
• D. Dendrite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Synapse. The synapse is the site where chemical communication occurs between neurons. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron, cross the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron. Choice A, Neuron, is incorrect as it refers to the entire nerve cell. Choices C and D, Axon and Dendrite, are also incorrect as they are specific parts of a neuron and not the primary site of chemical communication.

2. Which term describes the conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder?

• A. Necessary causes
• B. Contributory causes
• C. Sufficient causes
• D. Protective factors

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Sufficient causes.' Sufficient causes are conditions that alone are enough to guarantee the occurrence of a disorder. Necessary causes refer to factors that must be present for the disorder to occur but are not enough on their own. Contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder but are not enough to cause it by themselves. Protective factors are conditions that reduce the likelihood of a disorder occurring.

3. What are substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects?

• A. Teratogens
• B. Placenta
• C. Parturition
• D. Androgens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects, especially if exposure occurs during critical periods of development. In this context, teratogens refer to external agents that can interfere with the development of the embryo or fetus, leading to structural or functional abnormalities. Choice B, Placenta, is incorrect as it is an organ that develops during pregnancy to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and remove waste products. Choice C, Parturition, refers to the process of giving birth and is not related to substances that cause birth defects. Choice D, Androgens, are male sex hormones and are not associated with causing birth defects.

4. Which theoretical viewpoint is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

• A. Cognitive approach.
• B. Humanism.
• C. Structuralism.
• D. Biological approach.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humanism. Humanism, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. The cognitive approach (choice A) focuses on mental processes such as thinking and memory, not specifically associated with Rogers and Maslow. Structuralism (choice C) is a historical school of psychology that aimed to identify the structures of consciousness, not linked to Rogers and Maslow. The biological approach (choice D) emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior, also not directly associated with Rogers and Maslow.

5. The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions: warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control.

• A. high; low
• B. low; low
• C. high; moderately high
• D. low; moderately high

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'high in warmth and moderately high in control.' The authoritative parenting style, associated with the most positive developmental outcomes, is characterized by high levels of warmth and support coupled with moderately high levels of control. This balance allows children to develop independence while feeling secure and valued. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the authoritative style is not characterized by low warmth or low control, but rather high warmth and moderate control.

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