Nursing Elites

1. Which mother is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?

• A. Lupe, age 25
• B. Marissa, age 32
• C. Rotunda, age 16
• D. Janette, age 40

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rotunda, age 16, is the most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care due to her young age and possibly limited access to healthcare resources and support. Adolescents are at higher risk for inadequate prenatal care compared to older mothers due to various factors such as lack of awareness, financial constraints, and inconsistent health behaviors. Young mothers may face challenges in seeking proper prenatal care due to reasons like lack of knowledge, fear of judgment, or limited financial means. Older mothers like Lupe, Marissa, and Janette are less likely to have inadequate prenatal care compared to a younger mother like Rotunda, as they may have more access to resources, experience, and support systems.

2. Fetal monitoring is __________.

• A. rarely used in U.S. hospitals
• B. linked with low birth weight
• C. linked with a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries
• D. required in most U.S. hospitals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fetal monitoring is required in most U.S. hospitals during labor and delivery to track the baby's heart rate and the mother's contractions. This helps healthcare providers to assess the well-being of the fetus and make timely decisions regarding the need for interventions if any complications arise. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because fetal monitoring is a standard procedure in most hospitals to ensure the safety and health of both the mother and the baby during labor.

3. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

• A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
• B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
• C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
• D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

4. What are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby?

• A. Reflexes
• B. States of arousal
• C. Shrill cries
• D. Sleep patterns

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflexes. Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli and are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby. Examples of newborn reflexes include sucking, rooting, grasping, and the Moro reflex. These reflexes are crucial for the newborn's survival and overall development. Choice B, states of arousal, refers to different levels of consciousness and responsiveness, not organized behavior patterns. Choice C, shrill cries, is a form of communication and not an organized behavior pattern. Choice D, sleep patterns, while important for newborns, are not the most obvious organized behavior patterns.

5. Mounting evidence suggests that __________ is a major contributor to SIDS.

• A. impaired brain functioning
• B. higher-than-average birth weight
• C. organized and patterned sleep behavior
• D. a family history of chromosomal abnormalities

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Impaired brain functioning is a major contributor to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Research has shown that abnormalities in the brainstem, which controls automatic functions like breathing and heart rate, can play a role in SIDS cases. As such, mounting evidence suggests that compromised brain functioning is a significant factor in the occurrence of SIDS. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Higher-than-average birth weight, organized and patterned sleep behavior, and a family history of chromosomal abnormalities are not identified as major contributors to SIDS according to the provided information.

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