Nursing Elites

1. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

• A. psychoanalytic
• B. information-processing
• C. psychosocial
• D. social learning Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lillian, who uses flowcharts to map precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks, is likely an information-processing theorist. Information-processing theorists focus on how people take in, store, and retrieve information to solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps.

2. In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation.

• A. clinical interview
• B. naturalistic observation
• C. structured observation
• D. case study

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation. This allows for fair and equitable observations across all participants, ensuring that each individual has the same opportunities to exhibit the behavior being studied. Choice A, clinical interview, typically involves a one-on-one interaction between a researcher and a participant focusing on collecting information through questions and answers, not providing equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice B, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention or manipulation of conditions, which may not always ensure equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice D, case study, focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, providing detailed information but not necessarily ensuring equal opportunities for behavior display among participants.

3. Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

• A. fast-mapping
• B. an expansion
• C. overregularization
• D. a recast

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'a recast.' A recast occurs when an adult rephrases a child's incorrect speech into the accurate form, aiding in the learning of proper grammar. Choice A, 'fast-mapping,' refers to the ability to learn new words quickly; choice B, 'an expansion,' typically involves adding more information to a child's speech; choice C, 'overregularization,' is an error children make when they apply grammatical rules too broadly.

4. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?

• A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
• B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
• C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
• D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.

5. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of cognition. Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior, including the influence of observation, modeling, and mental representations. This theory highlights how individuals learn through observation and imitation of others, as well as their own thought processes and beliefs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while behavior modification, punishment, and reinforcement are aspects related to learning theories, they are not the primary focus of Bandura's theory, which revolves around cognition and social learning.

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