Nursing Elites

1. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

• A. psychoanalytic
• B. information-processing
• C. psychosocial
• D. social learning Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lillian, who uses flowcharts to map precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks, is likely an information-processing theorist. Information-processing theorists focus on how people take in, store, and retrieve information to solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps.

2. __________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.

• A. Compassionate
• B. Affectionate
• C. Passionate
• D. Companionate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Passionate love is characterized by intense emotions and physical attraction, which are common in the early stages of relationships. Compassionate love involves deep affection, but it develops over time based on mutual respect, trust, and intimacy. Affectionate love is warm and tender, but it may not necessarily have the intense emotions associated with passionate love. Companionate love is based on friendship, respect, and affection, but it may lack the intense emotions and physical attraction that characterize passionate love.

3. When __________, newborn Takeo's toes should fan out and curl as his foot twists in.

• A. a bright light shines in his eyes
• B. his bare foot touches a flat surface
• C. his cheek is stroked near the corner of his mouth
• D. the sole of his foot is stroked from toe to heel

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the description of the twisting and fanning out of newborn Takeo's toes suggests the Babinski reflex, which is typically elicited by stroking the sole of the foot from toe to heel. The Babinski reflex is a normal response in newborns and indicates proper neurological development. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not elicit the specific response described in the question.

4. By age 2, children __________.

• A. take turns in face-to-face interaction
• B. can infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention
• C. adjust their speech to fit the age of their listeners
• D. adjust their speech to fit the social status of their listeners

Correct answer: C

Rationale: By age 2, children are capable of adjusting their speech to fit the age of their listeners, showing early social cognition. Choice A is incorrect because taking turns in face-to-face interaction typically develops later in childhood. Choice B is incorrect as the ability to infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention is a more advanced skill not typically seen at age 2. Choice D is also incorrect as children at age 2 are not developmentally ready to adjust their speech based on the social status of their listeners.

5. Dr. O'Connor wants 90-year-old Mr. Takashi to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Takashi is incapable of consenting. Which statement best expresses your advice regarding Mr. Takashi's participation in the study?

• A. He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.
• B. He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.
• C. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if his participation will benefit others.
• D. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Mr. Takashi should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly. This decision aligns with the principle of beneficence in research ethics, which emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for research participants. Since Mr. Takashi is incapable of giving consent, his participation should be based on the likelihood of direct benefits to him rather than solely for the benefit of others or solely for research purposes. Option A is too restrictive and does not consider potential benefits to Mr. Takashi. Option B is flawed as it disregards the need for the study to benefit Mr. Takashi. Option C focuses on benefiting others, which is not the primary consideration when the participant cannot give consent.

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