Nursing Elites

1. What are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby?

• A. Reflexes
• B. States of arousal
• C. Shrill cries
• D. Sleep patterns

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflexes. Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli and are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby. Examples of newborn reflexes include sucking, rooting, grasping, and the Moro reflex. These reflexes are crucial for the newborn's survival and overall development. Choice B, states of arousal, refers to different levels of consciousness and responsiveness, not organized behavior patterns. Choice C, shrill cries, is a form of communication and not an organized behavior pattern. Choice D, sleep patterns, while important for newborns, are not the most obvious organized behavior patterns.

2. The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during which stage of labor?

• A. first
• B. second
• C. third
• D. fourth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during the second stage of labor. This stage occurs after the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby. Choice A (first) is incorrect as the first stage is mainly characterized by the dilation of the cervix. Choice C (third) is incorrect as the third stage is the delivery of the placenta, and choice D (fourth) is incorrect as the fourth stage is the recovery period after childbirth.

3. A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to __________.

• A. the study of imagination
• B. flexible case study interviews
• C. rigorous research methods
• D. disproving other developmental theories

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to rigorous research methods. This approach emphasizes systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation to study cognitive development in individuals. By using rigorous research methods, researchers can gather reliable and valid data to better understand how information is processed in the human mind. This commitment to methodological rigor enhances the credibility and validity of the conclusions drawn within the information-processing approach to development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the information-processing approach focuses on empirical research methods rather than the study of imagination, case study interviews, or disproving other developmental theories.

4. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

• A. plasticity
• B. stability
• C. nurture
• D. discontinuity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.

5. Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

• A. choose cesarean delivery
• B. give birth at home
• C. are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
• D. are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to research, mothers who are supported by a trained companion during childbirth have fewer birth complications and shorter labors. This support can reduce stress and anxiety levels, provide comfort and encouragement, and help the mother feel more in control during labor and delivery. Overall, having a trained companion present can contribute to a more positive childbirth experience for the mother. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the research findings that specifically highlight the benefits of having a trained companion during childbirth.

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