Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes epidemiology?

• A. The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
• B. The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
• C. The study of how social factors influence health outcomes.
• D. The study of how health systems and services impact population health.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. This field focuses on identifying patterns and causes of health and disease in order to develop strategies for prevention and control.

2. Which action demonstrates secondary prevention?

• A. Screening for early signs of disease
• B. Providing rehabilitation services
• C. Administering medications
• D. Providing health education

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Screening for early signs of disease. Secondary prevention involves activities that aim to detect health issues early to provide timely treatment. Screening for early signs of disease falls under secondary prevention as it helps identify diseases in their early stages, allowing for prompt intervention and management.

3. Fee-for-service care is best characterized by which statement:

• A. Fees are scaled based on the patient’s ability to pay and are capped.
• B. Fees reflect the fair market value of health care services being provided.
• C. Adequate fee schedules enable hospitals and clinics to function properly.
• D. Fees are not uniform throughout most states as they are fairly unregulated.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fee-for-service care is a payment model where providers are paid for each service performed, leading to non-uniform fees that vary by service and provider. This system is not highly regulated, resulting in differing fee structures across states and regions. Therefore, the statement that 'Fees are not uniform throughout most states as they are fairly unregulated' best characterizes fee-for-service care.

4. You are preparing a patient for surgery and completing the preoperative checklist. Which of the following is not typically part of the preoperative checklist?

• A. Assessing for allergies
• B. Conducting the Time Out
• C. Ensuring that informed consent is signed
• D. Ensuring that the history and physical examination have been completed

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Conducting the Time Out is a crucial safety step that occurs immediately before the start of the procedure, but it is not usually part of the preoperative checklist. The Time Out involves verifying patient identity, correct procedure, correct site, and addressing any concerns or questions with the surgical team before proceeding. The other options, such as assessing for allergies, ensuring informed consent, and completing the history and physical examination, are typically included in the preoperative checklist to ensure patient safety and readiness for surgery.

5. What best describes the goal of health advocacy?

• A. To influence health policies for better health outcomes
• B. To educate patients about their health conditions
• C. To provide clinical care to patients
• D. To reduce health care costs

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The goal of health advocacy is to influence health policies for better health outcomes, addressing broader determinants of health. Health advocacy focuses on promoting policies and practices that result in healthier communities and individuals by addressing social, economic, and environmental factors that impact health outcomes.

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