Nursing Elites

1. Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

• A. Chloe, a Caucasian American
• B. Latima, an African American
• C. Yvonne, a Native American
• D. Ming, an Asian American Answer: C Page Ref: 85 Skill Level: Apply known or suspected teratogens. Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to research, Native American populations have the highest prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the United States. This increased risk is due to various social, cultural, and environmental factors within Native American communities.

2. One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

• A. underestimates the individual's contribution to his or her own development
• B. ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence
• C. underestimates the competencies of infants and preschoolers, focusing on older children and adolescents
• D. is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The criticism that the information-processing approach ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence, suggests a limitation of the theory in not fully acknowledging that cognitive development continues throughout the lifespan. This criticism highlights a potential drawback of the approach in terms of its understanding of cognitive changes beyond adolescence. Choice A is incorrect because the criticism is not about underestimating the individual's contribution. Choice C is also incorrect as the criticism is not related to age-specific competencies. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on a different aspect of the information-processing approach.

3. Which factor fosters a more positive, coherent early self-concept?

• A. Permissive parenting
• B. A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
• C. Authoritarian parenting
• D. Strong identification with an other-sex parent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship is crucial in fostering a positive and coherent early self-concept in children. This type of relationship provides support, security, and emotional guidance, helping children develop a strong sense of self-worth and self-identity. Permissive parenting (Choice A) may lead to confusion and inconsistency in discipline, impacting the child's self-concept negatively. Authoritarian parenting (Choice C), characterized by strict rules and a lack of warmth, can result in a child feeling insecure and having a negative self-concept. Strong identification with an other-sex parent (Choice D) may influence gender identity development but may not directly impact the early self-concept in the same way a warm and sensitive parent-child relationship does.

4. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

• A. practice effects
• B. participant dropout
• C. sequential timing
• D. cohort effects

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.

5. When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

• A. sadness
• B. stranger anxiety
• C. separation anxiety
• D. disgust

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.

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