Nursing Elites

1. What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?

• A. Investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
• B. It provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
• C. It relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
• D. It provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The limitation of the ethnographic method is that investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see. This can introduce bias into the observations and potentially impact the accuracy of the findings. It is important for researchers to be aware of their own biases and strive to minimize their influence when conducting ethnographic studies. Choice B is incorrect because ethnographic methods actually aim to provide rich information on how individuals behave within their cultural contexts. Choice C is incorrect as ethnographic methods typically involve direct observation and participation rather than unobtrusive techniques like surveillance cameras. Choice D is incorrect because one of the strengths of ethnographic research is its ability to uncover the reasoning behind participants' responses by immersing the researcher in the cultural setting.

2. Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life chances.

• A. learning English
• B. education
• C. close ties to an ethnic community
• D. moving into an urban area

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents prioritize education as the surest way to improve life chances for their children. While learning English is important for integration, education is considered the key for better opportunities and success in the long term. Close ties to an ethnic community can provide support but may not directly lead to improved life chances. Moving into an urban area is not highlighted in the context of immigrant parents' views on improving life chances through their children's development.

3. In an experiment, the independent variable __________.

• A. is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable
• B. is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
• C. cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher
• D. is the number that describes how two measures are associated with each other

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable. It is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. The purpose of manipulating the independent variable is to study its impact on the outcome, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships in their investigations. Choice A is incorrect because the independent variable is not influenced but rather influences another variable. Choice C is incorrect as the independent variable is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to a different concept unrelated to the independent variable in an experiment.

4. Certified nurse-midwives __________.

• A. cannot legally deliver babies at home in most states
• B. have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management
• C. can perform cesarean deliveries and administer medication to control pain
• D. are not medical professionals, but are trained in labor and delivery support Answer: B Page Ref: 96 Skill Level: Understand with each. Topic: Approaches to Childbirth Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Certified nurse-midwives have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management. They are qualified to provide prenatal care, support during labor and delivery, as well as postpartum care. They are licensed medical professionals who can assist with normal childbirth, but they do not perform surgical procedures like cesarean deliveries. They also focus on providing holistic and personalized care to women throughout the childbirth process.

5. Dr. O'Connor wants 90-year-old Mr. Takashi to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Takashi is incapable of consenting. Which statement best expresses your advice regarding Mr. Takashi's participation in the study?

• A. He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.
• B. He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.
• C. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if his participation will benefit others.
• D. He should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Mr. Takashi should be allowed to participate in the study only if it is likely to benefit him directly. This decision aligns with the principle of beneficence in research ethics, which emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing risks for research participants. Since Mr. Takashi is incapable of giving consent, his participation should be based on the likelihood of direct benefits to him rather than solely for the benefit of others or solely for research purposes. Option A is too restrictive and does not consider potential benefits to Mr. Takashi. Option B is flawed as it disregards the need for the study to benefit Mr. Takashi. Option C focuses on benefiting others, which is not the primary consideration when the participant cannot give consent.

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