Nursing Elites

1. When children are research participants, __________.

• A. Investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research.
• B. They have the right to concealment of their identity on information collected in the course of research.
• C. There is a need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research.
• D. Informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When children are research participants, it is essential to obtain informed consent from their parents or others who act on their behalf. This is to ensure that the child's rights and well-being are protected during the research process. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research involving children, as they may not have the capacity to fully understand the implications of their participation. Choice A is incorrect because seeking the opinion of others when in doubt about harmful effects is not a substitute for informed consent. Choice B is incorrect because children do not have an absolute right to conceal their identity in research, especially when it comes to ensuring their safety and well-being. Choice C is incorrect as it is important to inform children or their parents about the results of the research to maintain transparency and respect for their participation.

2. Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.

• A. permissive child rearing
• B. authoritarian child rearing
• C. language
• D. family size

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Language development plays a crucial role in emotional self-regulation in preschoolers. It enables children to express and manage their emotions effectively. Choices A and B, permissive and authoritarian child rearing styles, focus more on the parenting approach rather than the child's intrinsic development. Family size, as mentioned in choice D, does not directly contribute to gains in emotional self-regulation.

3. In ecological systems theory, how does Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represent a significant change in his life?

• A. Microsystem
• B. Mesosystem
• C. Exosystem
• D. Chronosystem

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In ecological systems theory, the chronosystem refers to the dimension of time and how events and transitions over time can influence an individual's development. Toby's move just before entering fourth grade represents a significant change in his life that falls under the chronosystem. The microsystem involves the immediate environments and relationships that directly influence an individual, the mesosystem relates to connections between these environments, and the exosystem includes external settings that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents' workplaces. Therefore, Toby's move best exemplifies a change in the chronosystem due to the temporal influence on his development.

4. Which country does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being?

• A. Sweden
• B. Spain
• C. Australia
• D. The United States

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The United States is the correct answer as it ranks poorly in measures of children's health and well-being compared to other developed nations. According to the extract provided, the United States does not perform well in this aspect. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as there is no information provided suggesting that Sweden, Spain, or Australia do not rank well on key measures of children's health and well-being.

5. A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

• A. sensorimotor reflex
• B. circular reaction
• C. mental representation
• D. goal-directed behavior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.

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