Nursing Elites

1. Which theoretical viewpoint is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

• A. Cognitive approach.
• B. Humanism.
• C. Structuralism.
• D. Biological approach.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humanism. Humanism, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. The cognitive approach (choice A) focuses on mental processes such as thinking and memory, not specifically associated with Rogers and Maslow. Structuralism (choice C) is a historical school of psychology that aimed to identify the structures of consciousness, not linked to Rogers and Maslow. The biological approach (choice D) emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior, also not directly associated with Rogers and Maslow.

2. Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is not supported by the existing data?

• A. Low SES may cause abnormal behavior.
• B. Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES.
• C. Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness.
• D. High SES may cause abnormal behavior.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because high SES as a cause for abnormal behavior is not supported by existing data. Abnormal behavior is often associated with factors like stress, trauma, genetics, or environmental influences. High SES is not a known cause of abnormal behavior. Choices A, B, and C are more plausible explanations: Low SES may lead to limited access to mental health care, untreated abnormal behavior due to financial constraints, and difficulties in coping with mental health issues after job loss, respectively.

3. When interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper, the faculty member states, 'Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior.' This faculty member's views are most similar to the views held by?

• A. William James.
• B. F. Skinner.
• C. Sigmund Freud.
• D. Carl Rogers.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: F. Skinner's views emphasized the importance of observable behavior and dismissed the need to infer unobservable mental states. This aligns with the faculty member's statement that internal states exist but are not essential for understanding behavior. William James, known for his work in functionalism, did consider internal mental states important. Sigmund Freud focused on unconscious motives and internal conflicts. Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of subjective experiences and personal growth, which differs from the faculty member's perspective.

4. What role does culture play in the development of psychopathology?

• A. Culture has little impact on psychopathology.
• B. Culture is crucial in understanding the development of psychopathology.
• C. Culture has a moderate impact on the development of psychopathology.
• D. Culture determines the onset of psychopathology.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Culture is crucial in understanding the development of psychopathology. It influences beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors, which can significantly impact the manifestation and understanding of psychopathological conditions. Choice A is incorrect because culture does have a substantial impact on psychopathology. Choice C is not as strong as choice B in emphasizing the significance of culture. Choice D is incorrect as culture is one of many factors influencing the onset of psychopathology, not the sole determinant.

5. How does abuse and maltreatment tend to affect a child's ability to relate to others?

• A. It leads to the development of strong, healthy relationships.
• B. It results in difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.
• C. It has little to no impact on a child's social development.
• D. It promotes independence in forming new relationships.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Abuse and maltreatment tend to result in difficulties in forming healthy relationships and may lead to a disorganized and disoriented attachment style. Choice A is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment usually hinder the development of strong and healthy relationships. Choice C is incorrect as abuse and maltreatment significantly impact a child's social development. Choice D is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment do not promote independence in forming new relationships but rather create barriers to forming healthy connections.

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