what is the main reason for discouraging people from using terms such as schizophrenic autistic and retarded when referring to people with mental illn

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Psychological Exam

1. Why is it discouraged to use terms such as 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness?

A. These terms are no longer in the DSM
B. There are only a small number of people diagnosed with these terms
C. There is nothing wrong in using these terms
D. Because people with mental illness are not defined by their condition

Correct answer: D

Rationale: It is discouraged to use terms like 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness because people with mental illness should not be defined solely by their condition. Using such labels can reduce individuals to just their diagnosis, overlooking their individuality and other aspects of their identity. It is essential to treat individuals with mental illness with respect and dignity, focusing on their humanity rather than reducing them to a label. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the main reason for discouraging these terms lies in not defining individuals by their conditions, rather than the terms being in or out of the DSM, the number of diagnosed individuals, or the perception of whether there is anything wrong with using such terms.

2. What does the diathesis-stress model entail?

A. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stress alone is sufficient to cause a mental disorder.
B. The diathesis-stress model involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.
C. The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic factors alone cause mental disorders.
D. The diathesis-stress model suggests that stressors in the environment do not affect the onset of mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model proposes that mental disorders develop from a combination of genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because it states that stress alone can cause mental disorders, which is not in line with the model. Choice C is incorrect as it simplifies the model to genetic factors alone causing mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that environmental stressors do not play a role in the onset of mental disorders, which contradicts the essence of the diathesis-stress model.

3. Barney helps his younger brother, who has just learned to cycle on his own, to navigate narrow roads and sharp turns. Vygotsky will refer to this as ________?

A. Microsystem
B. Macrosystem
C. Mesosystem
D. Exosystem

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, where Barney is assisting his younger brother in navigating narrow roads and sharp turns, Vygotsky would refer to this as an example of the 'mesosystem.' The mesosystem involves the interactions between different systems in a child's environment, such as family and peers. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A) Microsystem refers to the immediate environment where the child lives, like home and school; B) Macrosystem encompasses the larger cultural context; D) Exosystem involves external settings that indirectly influence the child.

4. Which theoretical orientation insisted on the verifiability of observation?

A. Structuralism.
B. Functionalism.
C. Behaviorism.
D. Psychoanalysis.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, making it essential for observations to be verifiable. Structuralism (A) focuses on the structure of the mind, not verifiability of observations. Functionalism (B) emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than verification of observations. Psychoanalysis (D) delves into the unconscious mind and conflicts, not specifically on the verifiability of observations.

5. Which characteristics are associated with adults fixated in the anal stage?

A. Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness
B. Fixated in the oral stage
C. Dissolves the electra complex
D. Triggers penis envy, which then dissolves the female oedipus complex

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness.' According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation in the anal stage can lead to these characteristics in adulthood. Choice B is incorrect as fixation in the oral stage is associated with issues related to dependency and aggression. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the Electra complex, which is not related to the anal stage fixation. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to penis envy and the female Oedipus complex, which are not directly related to characteristics of adults fixated in the anal stage.