Nursing Elites

1. While the term psychology has existed since at least the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until?

• A. The 1750s.
• B. The early 1800s.
• C. The late 1800s.
• D. The 1940s.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Psychology became recognized as a science in the late 1800s, aligning with broader trends in scientific inquiry during that period. This marked the establishment of psychology as a distinct field of study based on empirical research and experimentation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because psychology's formal recognition as a science occurred later, specifically in the late 1800s.

2. How does the biopsychosocial model differ from the biomedical model?

• A. The biopsychosocial model focuses solely on the biological aspects of disease.
• B. The biopsychosocial model includes biological, psychological, and social factors, whereas the biomedical model focuses on only biological factors.
• C. The biopsychosocial model is outdated and has been replaced by the biomedical model.
• D. The biopsychosocial model is identical to the biomedical model.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The biopsychosocial model differs from the biomedical model by considering biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness. Choice A is incorrect because the biopsychosocial model does not solely focus on biological aspects. Choice C is incorrect as the biopsychosocial model is not outdated but rather offers a more comprehensive approach. Choice D is incorrect as the two models are distinct in their considerations of factors beyond biology.

3. When Ryan was born, the hospital assessed his health with the Apgar scale, and the score was 5. What does this mean with respect to his breathing pattern?

• A. He was not in danger
• B. He needed help in establishing a breathing pattern
• C. He was in excellent condition
• D. He was in critical condition

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An Apgar score of 5 suggests that Ryan needed help establishing a regular breathing pattern after birth. Choice A is incorrect because a score of 5 indicates the need for assistance. Choice C is incorrect as an Apgar score of 5 does not reflect excellent condition. Choice D is incorrect as it signifies a critical condition, which is not the case with an Apgar score of 5.

4. Which of the following perspectives focuses on social determinants of behavior?

• A. The attachment perspective
• B. The interpersonal perspective
• C. The humanistic perspective
• D. The existential perspective

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The interpersonal perspective focuses on social determinants of behavior, emphasizing the impact of social interactions, relationships, and communication on an individual's behavior. This perspective looks at how people's behavior is influenced by their interactions with others and the social environment. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not primarily focus on social determinants of behavior. The attachment perspective is concerned with emotional bonds between individuals, the humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment, and the existential perspective focuses on individual freedom and responsibility in creating meaning in life.

5. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain?

• A. If all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
• B. By observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
• C. If we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
• D. If we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The functionalist perspective, as used by Dr. Lee, focuses on understanding the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. This perspective suggests that to fully comprehend pain perception, one must first grasp the significance of pain in terms of its adaptive functions and impact on behavior. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the functionalist perspective, as they do not emphasize the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.

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