while the term psychology has existed since at least the early 1700s psychology did not come to be considered a science until

ATI RN

Psychological Exam

1. While the term psychology has existed since at least the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until?

A. The 1750s.
B. The early 1800s.
C. The late 1800s.
D. The 1940s.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Psychology became recognized as a science in the late 1800s, aligning with broader trends in scientific inquiry during that period. This marked the establishment of psychology as a distinct field of study based on empirical research and experimentation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because psychology's formal recognition as a science occurred later, specifically in the late 1800s.

2. Which of the following explanations for the relationship between SES and abnormal behavior is not supported by the existing data?

A. Low SES may cause abnormal behavior.
B. Abnormal behavior is more likely to go untreated in those of low SES.
C. Recovery from loss of a job may be more difficult for those exhibiting signs of mental illness.
D. High SES may cause abnormal behavior.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because high SES as a cause for abnormal behavior is not supported by existing data. Abnormal behavior is often associated with factors like stress, trauma, genetics, or environmental influences. High SES is not a known cause of abnormal behavior. Choices A, B, and C are more plausible explanations: Low SES may lead to limited access to mental health care, untreated abnormal behavior due to financial constraints, and difficulties in coping with mental health issues after job loss, respectively.

3. What is the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology?

A. The idea that stress is the primary cause of psychopathology.
B. A model that focuses solely on genetic predispositions.
C. A theory that involves only environmental factors in the development of disorders.
D. A person must have both a vulnerability for a disorder and exposure to stressors to develop the disorder.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model of psychopathology posits that individuals must have a vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and be exposed to stressful environmental factors for the disorder to manifest. This model emphasizes the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because the model does not suggest that stress is the sole cause of psychopathology. Choice B is incorrect as the model considers both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect because the diathesis-stress model acknowledges the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of disorders.

4. What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.

A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.

5. Distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

A. Authoritative parents are controlling and less communicative.
B. Authoritarian parents are warm and communicative but set firm limits.
C. Authoritative parents are less controlling and more communicative.
D. Authoritarian parents are neither warm nor communicative, often leading to moody, irritable children.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Authoritative parents are warm and communicative while also setting firm limits, creating a balanced and nurturing environment. Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are controlling, less communicative, and tend to set strict rules without much room for discussion. This approach may lead to children becoming irritable and moody due to the lack of warmth and excessive control. Choices A and C incorrectly mix up the characteristics of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Choice D, although mentioning irritable children, does not accurately capture the key differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.