Nursing Elites

1. Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences are described as?

• A. Secure
• B. Avoidant
• C. Ambivalent
• D. Disorganized

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Ambivalent.' Children with an ambivalent temperament are indeed generally mild but hesitant about accepting new experiences. This temperament is characterized by a combination of mildness and hesitance. Choice A, 'Secure,' refers to children who are comfortable with both their caregiver's presence and absence, showing a secure attachment style. Choice B, 'Avoidant,' describes children who tend to avoid or ignore their caregiver, displaying an insecure attachment style. Choice D, 'Disorganized,' represents children with inconsistent or confused behaviors towards their caregiver, exhibiting an insecure and disoriented attachment style.

2. What is extinction, and how might it be used in treating a disorder?

• A. Extinction strengthens the conditioned response by continuously pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
• B. Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
• C. Extinction is ineffective and is not used in treating disorders.
• D. Extinction is the process of intensifying the conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a stronger unconditioned stimulus.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Extinction is the process of eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. This process helps in reducing or eliminating undesired behaviors or responses. Choice A is incorrect because extinction weakens the conditioned response by breaking the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Choice C is incorrect as extinction is a widely used technique in behavioral therapies for treating disorders. Choice D is incorrect as extinction aims to reduce the conditioned response, not intensify it.

3. What is the traditional cutoff in diagnosing intellectual disability?

• A. IQ score below 80
• B. IQ score below 70
• C. IQ score below 60
• D. IQ score below 50

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The traditional cutoff for diagnosing intellectual disability is an IQ score below 70. An IQ score below 70 is generally considered as the threshold for diagnosing intellectual disability. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the commonly accepted cutoff point for diagnosing intellectual disability.

4. What are culture-bound syndromes?

• A. Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that can be found in all cultures.
• B. Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that are specific to certain cultural contexts.
• C. Culture-bound syndromes are myths and do not exist.
• D. Culture-bound syndromes are conditions seen only in psychiatric hospitals.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Culture-bound syndromes are disorders that are specific to certain cultural contexts. These syndromes may not be recognized or understood outside of the specific cultural context where they originate. Choice A is incorrect because culture-bound syndromes are not universal and are tied to specific cultural beliefs and practices. Choice C is incorrect as culture-bound syndromes are recognized in the field of psychology and anthropology. Choice D is incorrect as culture-bound syndromes are not limited to psychiatric hospitals but can be observed in various cultural settings.

5. Neural plasticity is ________.

• A. the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain.
• B. the flexibility of the brain—existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.
• C. strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder.
• D. the best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neural plasticity refers to the brain's flexibility to change existing neural circuits or create new ones. Choice A is incorrect as it describes neurotransmitter breakdown, not neural plasticity. Choice C is incorrect because neural plasticity does not necessarily indicate brain damage leading to mental disorders. Choice D is incorrect because neural plasticity is not specifically related to temperament or personality development in children.

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