Nursing Elites

1. A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These scientists most likely follow?

• A. The behavioral perspective.
• B. The psychodynamic perspective.
• C. The humanistic perspective.
• D. The functionalist perspective.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, the behavioral perspective. This perspective focuses on how environmental stimuli influence behavior, making it suitable for studying how anxiety-inducing stimuli affect eating behavior. The psychodynamic perspective (choice B) would focus more on unconscious processes and early life experiences. The humanistic perspective (choice C) emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. The functionalist perspective (choice D) is more related to the study of the purpose of behavior and mental processes in adapting to the environment.

2. What is the term for a fluid-filled sac in which the baby floats until just before it is born?

• A. Amnion
• B. Placenta
• C. Umbilical cord
• D. Embryo

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amnion. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing fetus in the womb. It acts as a cushion, maintaining a stable temperature and protecting the fetus from external pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the placenta is an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste products, the umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta to facilitate nutrient exchange, and an embryo is an early stage of development before it becomes a fetus.

3. Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?

• A. Authoritarian
• B. Permissive/indulgent
• C. Authoritative
• D. Neglectful/uninvolved

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Authoritative. The authoritative parenting style is characterized by a balance of warmth, control, and communication. This style promotes a nurturing environment where parents set clear rules and boundaries while also being responsive to their child's needs. Choice A, Authoritarian, is characterized by strict rules and high control with less warmth and communication. Choice B, Permissive/indulgent, involves high warmth but low control, where rules are not clearly established. Choice D, Neglectful/uninvolved, lacks both warmth and control, with little to no communication or involvement in the child's life.

4. Alicia, 5 years old, knows that she will take a bath at 6:05, change clothes at 6:15, eat breakfast at 6:20, commute to school at 6:40, and join the assembly at 7:00. A child's awareness of his or her scripts or daily routine is classified under which type of memory?

• A. Semantic memory
• B. Nondeclarative memory
• C. Generic memory
• D. Autobiographical memory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Autobiographical memory. Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of a person's life events, such as daily routines and personal experiences. In this scenario, Alicia's awareness of her daily routine falls under autobiographical memory as she remembers specific events related to her own life. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Semantic memory is related to general knowledge about the world, nondeclarative memory involves memories that are not consciously recalled, and generic memory is not a recognized memory classification.

5. Nearly all adults who were children living in Saigon when the U.S. armed forces left Vietnam in 1975 report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the following?

• A. Normative age-graded influence
• B. Social clock
• C. Critical period
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. This scenario exemplifies a critical period in development. Critical periods are specific times in an individual's life when certain events have a profound impact on their development. In this case, the events surrounding the departure of the U.S. armed forces from Saigon in 1975 had a lasting influence on the children living there at that time. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Normative age-graded influence refers to events that are common to people of a particular age group, the social clock relates to the culturally preferred timing of social events, and a sensitive period is a time when an individual is more susceptible to environmental influences but does not result in lifelong consequences as with critical periods.

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