Nursing Elites

1. Which term describes the conditions that guarantee the occurrence of a disorder?

• A. Necessary causes
• B. Contributory causes
• C. Sufficient causes
• D. Protective factors

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Sufficient causes.' Sufficient causes are conditions that alone are enough to guarantee the occurrence of a disorder. Necessary causes refer to factors that must be present for the disorder to occur but are not enough on their own. Contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder but are not enough to cause it by themselves. Protective factors are conditions that reduce the likelihood of a disorder occurring.

2. During conception, the 23 unpaired chromosomes in the ovum and sperm combine to form 23 pairs in an entirely new cell called the?

• A. Embryo
• B. DNA
• C. Fetus
• D. Zygote

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Zygote. A zygote is formed when the 23 chromosomes from the ovum and sperm combine during conception. It is the initial cell formed and marks the beginning of a new organism. Choice A, Embryo, is incorrect as an embryo is formed later in the development process. Choice B, DNA, is incorrect as DNA is the genetic material within the chromosomes but is not the name of the new cell formed after fertilization. Choice C, Fetus, is incorrect as a fetus is the stage of prenatal development that occurs well after the zygote stage.

3. Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?

• A. Developmental psychology
• B. Social psychology
• C. Psychoanalysis
• D. Psychometrics

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social psychology. Social psychology specifically focuses on studying topics like attitude change and group behavior. Developmental psychology (Choice A) primarily deals with human growth and development across the lifespan. Psychoanalysis (Choice C) is a theoretical approach to psychology developed by Sigmund Freud focusing on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Psychometrics (Choice D) involves the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, personality traits, and abilities.

4. Which psychological perspective, emerging in the 1950s and 1960s, reflects a renewed interest in studying the mind or consciousness, similar to psychology's early days as a science in the late 1800s?

• A. Cognitive perspective.
• B. Mental perspective.
• C. Philosophical perspective.
• D. Biological perspective.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Cognitive perspective. The cognitive perspective indeed emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, reflecting a renewed interest in studying the mind and consciousness, akin to early psychology's focus when it first established as a science in the late 1800s. This perspective emphasizes mental processes, problem-solving, decision-making, and information processing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the mental perspective is too generic and does not capture the emphasis on processes, the philosophical perspective is more focused on theories and concepts, and the biological perspective centers on the influence of biology on behavior rather than consciousness and mental processes.

5. What is a set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow, which may lead to ____?

• A. Normative age-graded influence; sexism
• B. Social clock; ageism
• C. Critical period; normative age-graded influence
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social clock; ageism. A social clock refers to the normal sequence of life events in a culture, and not meeting these norms can result in ageism. Choice A is incorrect because normative age-graded influence is not directly related to sexism. Choice C is incorrect as critical period refers to specific time frames for development, not a set of age norms. Choice D, sensitive period, does not directly relate to the concept described in the question.

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