Nursing Elites

1. Nearly all adults who were children living in Saigon when the U.S. armed forces left Vietnam in 1975 report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the following?

• A. Normative age-graded influence
• B. Social clock
• C. Critical period
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. This scenario exemplifies a critical period in development. Critical periods are specific times in an individual's life when certain events have a profound impact on their development. In this case, the events surrounding the departure of the U.S. armed forces from Saigon in 1975 had a lasting influence on the children living there at that time. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Normative age-graded influence refers to events that are common to people of a particular age group, the social clock relates to the culturally preferred timing of social events, and a sensitive period is a time when an individual is more susceptible to environmental influences but does not result in lifelong consequences as with critical periods.

2. How does abuse and maltreatment tend to affect a child's ability to relate to others?

• A. It leads to the development of strong, healthy relationships.
• B. It results in difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.
• C. It has little to no impact on a child's social development.
• D. It promotes independence in forming new relationships.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Abuse and maltreatment tend to result in difficulties in forming healthy relationships and may lead to a disorganized and disoriented attachment style. Choice A is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment usually hinder the development of strong and healthy relationships. Choice C is incorrect as abuse and maltreatment significantly impact a child's social development. Choice D is incorrect because abuse and maltreatment do not promote independence in forming new relationships but rather create barriers to forming healthy connections.

3. The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was?

• A. Structuralism
• B. Behaviorism
• C. Functionalism
• D. Pragmatism

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Functionalism is the correct answer. Functionalism was an early approach in psychology that emphasized the practical applications of psychological research, laying the groundwork for modern-day applied psychology. Structuralism, focusing on the structure of the mind, and Behaviorism, emphasizing observable behaviors, were more theoretical in nature and did not directly lead to applied psychology. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach and not a specific early psychological theory.

4. Distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

• A. Authoritative parents are controlling and less communicative.
• B. Authoritarian parents are warm and communicative but set firm limits.
• C. Authoritative parents are less controlling and more communicative.
• D. Authoritarian parents are neither warm nor communicative, often leading to moody, irritable children.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Authoritative parents are warm and communicative while also setting firm limits, creating a balanced and nurturing environment. Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are controlling, less communicative, and tend to set strict rules without much room for discussion. This approach may lead to children becoming irritable and moody due to the lack of warmth and excessive control. Choices A and C incorrectly mix up the characteristics of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Choice D, although mentioning irritable children, does not accurately capture the key differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.

5. Etiology refers to ________

• A. a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior.
• B. the causal pattern of a disorder.
• C. a predisposition toward developing a disorder.
• D. a condition that makes it less likely a person will experience the negative consequences of stress.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Etiology refers to the causal pattern of a disorder, explaining the factors contributing to the development of a specific condition. Choice A is incorrect as it describes a condition that maintains maladaptive behavior, which is not the definition of etiology. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a predisposition, which is more related to risk factors rather than the cause itself. Choice D is incorrect as it discusses a condition that reduces the negative consequences of stress, which is not directly related to the cause of a disorder.

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