Nursing Elites

1. The most energy-rich nutrient is:

• A. carb
• B. fat
• C. protein
• D. water

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Fat provides 9 kcal per gram, making it the most energy-rich nutrient compared to carbohydrates and proteins, which provide 4 kcal per gram.

2. Begins carb digestion in the mouth:

• A. pepsin
• B. salivary amylase
• C. CCK
• D. secretin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Salivary amylase is the enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth by breaking down starches into simpler sugars.

3. Individuals who use antiretroviral drugs frequently develop insulin resistance and _____.

• A. hypertension
• B. hypothyroidism
• C. hyperlipidemia
• D. fluid retention

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: hyperlipidemia. Antiretroviral drugs can often lead to elevated lipid levels (hyperlipidemia), which is a common side effect of this therapy. This increase in lipids can contribute to cardiovascular risk. Hypertension (choice A) is not typically associated with antiretroviral drug use. Hypothyroidism (choice B) and fluid retention (choice D) are also not commonly linked to antiretroviral therapy.

4. What should be recommended to help prevent early childhood caries (ECC) in infants?

• A. Avoid giving the infant nighttime bottles
• B. Have the infant drink pasteurized skim milk
• C. Feed the infant iron-rich foods
• D. Give the infant fruit juice to drink

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'A: Avoid giving the infant nighttime bottles' because prolonged exposure to sugars in milk during the night can lead to caries. Options 'B: Have the infant drink pasteurized skim milk' and 'D: Give the infant fruit juice to drink' are not recommended as they contain sugars that can cause cavities, especially in infants. Option 'C: Feed the infant iron-rich foods' is incorrect because while a balanced diet is important, iron-rich foods do not directly prevent caries development.

5. Each statement is true of fat-soluble vitamins, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Fairly stable to heat, such as during cooking
• B. Contain carbon
• C. Stored in the pancreas
• D. Absorbed in the intestine along with fats and lipids in food

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Fat-soluble vitamins are not stored in the pancreas; they are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Choice A is correct as fat-soluble vitamins are fairly stable to heat. Choice B is also correct as fat-soluble vitamins contain carbon. Choice D is correct as fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the intestine along with fats and lipids in food.

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