Nursing Elites

1. Which types of diabetes are characterized by the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin? (Select all that apply)

• A. Gestational diabetes
• B. Type II diabetes
• C. Type I diabetes
• D. Both A and B

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In both gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance in these types of diabetes prevents glucose from entering the cells, causing it to accumulate in the bloodstream. On the other hand, Type I diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin because the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and B. Choice C, Type I diabetes, is not characterized by insulin resistance but rather by the body's inability to produce insulin. Therefore, it is incorrect. Choice D, Both A and B, includes the correct options of gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, making it the correct answer.

2. What is the digestive action of bile?

• A. It breaks down carbohydrates
• B. It breaks down proteins
• C. It breaks down lipids
• D. It aids in fat digestion

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Bile, which is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of fats. It does this by emulsifying the fats, which makes them easier for the digestive enzymes, such as lipase, to break down. While choices A, B, and C could be seen as partially correct since fats are a type of lipid and the process of breaking down fats could be seen as breaking down lipids, the most accurate answer is D, as the primary function of bile is to aid in fat digestion, not the digestion of all types of lipids or the digestion of proteins or carbohydrates.

3. Which of the following is NOT required on a food label or nutrition facts panel?

• A. Nutrition facts panel
• B. Ingredients in descending order by weight
• C. The % RDA of ALL the vitamins and minerals in the product
• D. Essential warnings, such as common allergies

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to food labeling regulations, every food label or nutrition facts panel must include a nutrition facts panel, list of ingredients in descending order by weight, and essential warnings such as common allergies. However, it is not mandatory to list the % Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of ALL the vitamins and minerals in the product. Only certain vitamins and minerals, deemed significant to public health, are required to be listed. Therefore, the notion that the % RDA of ALL vitamins and minerals must be displayed is incorrect. Choices A, B, and D are required elements on a food label, making them incorrect answers.

4. A patient with renal insufficiency should limit the intake of which of the following nutrients?

• A. Phosphorus
• B. Potassium
• C. Sodium
• D. Calcium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In patients with renal insufficiency, impaired kidney function can lead to difficulty in excreting phosphorus. High phosphorus levels can result in further complications such as bone and heart problems. Therefore, limiting the intake of phosphorus is crucial. Potassium and sodium restrictions may also be necessary in renal insufficiency, but the primary concern related to nutrients is phosphorus in this scenario. Calcium, while important for bone health, does not typically need to be restricted in renal insufficiency unless there is a specific medical reason to do so.

5. Studies suggest that leukoplakia is resolved by excess vitamin A (a fat-soluble vitamin), retinoids, and beta-carotene. Leukoplakia is a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes.

• A. Both statements are true.
• B. Both statements are false.
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Both statements are false. Studies suggest that leukoplakia, a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes, can be resolved by vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene. Despite the potential to resolve leukoplakia, relapse is common. Also pertinent, evidence does not indicate that any of these nutrients prevent malignant transformation. The extract provided clarifies that leukoplakia is a white plaque, not an erythematous lesion, and that vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene can help resolve it.

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