Nursing Elites

1. In comparison to infants born to women of normal weight, infants born to obese women are _____.

• A. less likely to have heart defects
• B. more likely to be of very low birthweight
• C. less likely to experience a complicated birth
• D. more likely to have neural tube defects

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Infants born to obese women are more likely to have neural tube defects compared to infants born to women of normal weight. This increased risk is attributed to factors such as poor maternal nutrition and increased inflammation during pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect because infants born to obese women have a higher risk of heart defects. Choice B is incorrect as infants born to obese women are more likely to have higher birthweights. Choice C is incorrect as obese women are more likely to experience complications during birth.

2. Studies suggest that leukoplakia is resolved by excess vitamin A (a fat-soluble vitamin), retinoids, and beta-carotene. Leukoplakia is a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes.

• A. Both statements are true.
• B. Both statements are false.
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Both statements are false. Studies suggest that leukoplakia, a white plaque that forms on oral mucous membranes, can be resolved by vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene. Despite the potential to resolve leukoplakia, relapse is common. Also pertinent, evidence does not indicate that any of these nutrients prevent malignant transformation. The extract provided clarifies that leukoplakia is a white plaque, not an erythematous lesion, and that vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene can help resolve it.

3. Each statement is true, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Infant formulas should be discontinued at approximately 1 year of age
• B. Low-fat milk is not recommended for children younger than 2 years
• C. Special toddler formulas are available but are unnecessary
• D. Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should not be provided until 2 years

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should be provided starting at age 1 after discontinuing breast feeding or infant formulas, not at 2 years. Providing whole milk at age 2 is appropriate. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements: infant formulas are typically discontinued around 1 year of age, low-fat milk is not recommended for children under 2 years, and special toddler formulas are unnecessary.

4. Children with cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities are likely to have abnormal sensory input and muscle tone. A small, underdeveloped tongue is common in many such disorders and results in diminished nutritional status.

• A. Both statements are true
• B. Both statements are false
• C. The first statement is true; the second is false
• D. The first statement is false; the second is true

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The first statement is true, but the second is false. These children often have a large tongue or tongue thrust, which can interfere with feeding and nutrition.

5. Nurse Joel and Ana are helping a 16-year-old Nursing Student in a case filed against the student for frustrated homicide. Nurse Joel and Ana are aware of the different circumstances of crimes. They are correct in identifying which of the following circumstances will be best applied in this case?

• A. Justifying
• B. Aggravating
• C. Mitigating
• D. Exempting

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In cases of frustrated homicide, the circumstance of 'justifying' is the most applicable. Justifying circumstances are those that exempt the individual from criminal liability because the act is considered morally right or justified under the circumstances. Aggravating circumstances would worsen the offense, mitigating circumstances would lessen the penalty, and exempting circumstances would completely excuse the individual from liability, none of which are suitable in a case of frustrated homicide.

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