Nursing Elites

1. Self-reports __________.

• A. use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
• B. describe the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period
• C. range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests
• D. bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Self-reports can range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests. This variety allows researchers to collect information from participants in different ways, depending on the research goals and the type of information being sought. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the range and flexibility of self-reports as outlined in the field of research methodology.

2. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

• A. the normative approach; survival of the fittest
• B. noble savages; physical maturation
• C. tabula rasa; natural selection
• D. natural selection; survival of the fittest

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized natural selection and survival of the fittest. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring. Survival of the fittest refers to the idea that the organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time. Both concepts are central to Darwin's theory of evolution. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the key principles highlighted by Darwin in his theory of evolution.

3. In a correlational design, researchers __________.

• A. gather information on individuals without altering their experiences
• B. divide events and behaviors of interest into two types: dependent and independent variables
• C. use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
• D. directly control or manipulate changes in the independent variable

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a correlational design, researchers gather information on individuals without altering their experiences. Correlational studies examine the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation or control by the researchers. The researchers simply observe and measure the variables of interest without intervening in any way. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe aspects related to experimental designs rather than correlational designs. In an experimental design, researchers manipulate variables, assign participants to different treatment conditions, and control changes in the independent variable, which is not the case in correlational studies.

4. __________ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on development.

• A. Darwin’s
• B. Freud’s
• C. Erikson’s
• D. Watson’s Answer: B Page Ref: 15 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Freud's theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on development. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the importance of the child's interactions with caregivers, particularly during the early stages of development, in shaping personality and behavior.

5. The __________ reflex helps a newborn find the nipple.

• A. rooting
• B. Moro
• C. Babinski
• D. tonic neck Answer: A Page Ref: 101 Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The rooting reflex is the correct answer. This reflex helps a newborn baby find the nipple by turning their head and opening their mouth when their cheek is stroked or touched. This is crucial for the baby to locate and latch onto the mother's breast for feeding. The rooting reflex typically disappears around 4 months of age.

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