ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam
1. Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is __________.
- A. probably easy to console
- B. susceptible to colic
- C. likely to spend less time in REM sleep
- D. unlikely to respond to swaddling
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is described as susceptible to colic. Colic is often characterized by excessive crying and fussiness in newborn babies, which can be challenging to console. This description suggests that Mariana's strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli may make her more prone to colic. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the strong reactions to unpleasant stimuli do not imply being easy to console, affect REM sleep, or responsiveness to swaddling.
2. During the third stage of labor, __________.
- A. the cervix thins to nothing
- B. uterine contractions begin
- C. the placenta is delivered
- D. the baby is born
Correct answer: C
Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the correct answer is C, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the baby is born and involves the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus. Choice A is incorrect because the thinning of the cervix to nothing typically occurs during the first stage of labor. Choice B is incorrect as uterine contractions usually begin during the first stage of labor to help with the dilation of the cervix. Choice D is incorrect because the baby is typically born in the second stage of labor, not the third.
3. Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?
- A. adaptation
- B. equilibrium
- C. the critical period
- D. classical conditioning
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Observations of imprinting in animals, such as ducklings following the first moving object they see after hatching, led to the major concept of the critical period in human development. The critical period is a specific time frame during which an organism must experience certain stimuli to develop properly. This concept has been influential in understanding various aspects of human development, such as language acquisition and social attachment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Adaptation refers to adjusting to the environment, equilibrium is about balance in cognitive processes, and classical conditioning is a learning process associated with behaviorism, none of which directly relate to the concept derived from imprinting observations.
4. Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?
- A. Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.
- B. Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
- C. Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.
- D. Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Research on newborn taste preferences has found that not until around 4 months of age do babies start to show a preference for a salty taste over plain water. This indicates that newborns do have some ability to distinguish tastes, contrary to the statement in option A. The statement in option C that newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk is not supported by research on newborn taste preferences. Option D, stating that babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes, is also not a supported statement regarding newborn taste preferences.
5. According to Jean Piaget, what is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds?
- A. imitation
- B. adaptation
- C. cognition
- D. equilibrium
Correct answer: D
Rationale: According to Jean Piaget, equilibrium is the balance between what children already know (internal structures) and the new information they encounter. Imitation (choice A) is not directly related to this concept. Adaptation (choice B) involves adjusting to new information and is part of Piaget's theory, but it does not specifically refer to the balance between internal structures and external information. Cognition (choice C) is a broader term that encompasses mental processes, including thinking, learning, and problem-solving, but it is not specifically about the balance between internal structures and external information as equilibrium is.
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