Nursing Elites

1. Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the __________.

• A. fourth week of pregnancy
• B. third month of pregnancy
• C. end of the second trimester
• D. beginning of the third trimester

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the third month of pregnancy (choice B). During the third month of pregnancy, which is around 9-12 weeks, a fetal heartbeat can typically be heard using a stethoscope. This is an exciting milestone for expectant parents as it provides reassurance about the baby's well-being. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because by the fourth week of pregnancy, the fetal heartbeat is not usually detectable with a stethoscope. The end of the second trimester and the beginning of the third trimester are too late in the pregnancy timeline for this milestone.

2. In a correlational design, researchers __________.

• A. gather information on individuals without altering their experiences
• B. divide events and behaviors of interest into two types: dependent and independent variables
• C. use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
• D. directly control or manipulate changes in the independent variable

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a correlational design, researchers gather information on individuals without altering their experiences. Correlational studies examine the relationship between two or more variables without any manipulation or control by the researchers. The researchers simply observe and measure the variables of interest without intervening in any way. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe aspects related to experimental designs rather than correlational designs. In an experimental design, researchers manipulate variables, assign participants to different treatment conditions, and control changes in the independent variable, which is not the case in correlational studies.

3. Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.

• A. initiative
• B. autonomy
• C. generativity
• D. industry

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development highlights generativity as the central focus of middle adulthood. Generativity involves being productive, caring for others, and contributing to society. This stage is characterized by a desire to leave a lasting impact on future generations. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Initiative is associated with the preschool years, autonomy with early childhood, and industry with middle childhood according to Erikson's stages of development.

4. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

• A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
• B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
• C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
• D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

5. __________ doubles the risk of SIDS.

• A. Failure to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep
• B. Use of a pacifier or a security blanket
• C. Placing an infant to sleep on his back
• D. Cigarette smoking by a caregiver Answer: D Page Ref: 106 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cigarette smoking by a caregiver doubles the risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke exposure can increase the likelihood of SIDS due to the toxins and chemicals present in cigarette smoke. It is important to have a smoke-free environment for infants to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Similar Questions