Nursing Elites

1. In egalitarian marriages, __________.

• A. there is a clear division of roles
• B. partners share power and authority
• C. the husband is the head of the household
• D. the wife is responsible for family economic well-being

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In egalitarian marriages, the correct answer is B - partners share power and authority. This type of marriage promotes equality and balance, where both spouses have an equal say in decision-making and share responsibilities. Choice A is incorrect because egalitarian marriages aim to reduce traditional role divisions. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests a patriarchal structure, which is contrary to the principles of egalitarianism. Choice D is incorrect as it assigns a specific financial role based on gender, which goes against the idea of equal sharing in all aspects of the marriage.

2. Who believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. Renée Baillargeon
• C. Noam Chomsky
• D. Lev Vygotsky

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural tools in the development of higher cognitive functions. Jean Piaget focused more on individual cognitive development stages, Renée Baillargeon is known for her work in infant cognition and object permanence, and Noam Chomsky is renowned for his theories in linguistics and the study of language.

3. What is the longest stage of labor?

• A. Delivery of the baby
• B. Delivery of the placenta
• C. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
• D. Release of epinephrine and cortisol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dilation and effacement of the cervix. This stage can last for hours, especially for first-time mothers, as the cervix needs to dilate and efface to allow for the baby's passage through the birth canal. Once the cervix is fully dilated and effaced, the woman can begin pushing during the second stage of labor to deliver the baby. The delivery of the baby itself is usually a shorter process compared to the time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they represent other stages within the labor process that come after the dilation and effacement of the cervix.

4. Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of __________.

• A. imitation
• B. adaptation
• C. self-efficacy
• D. scaffolding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Central to Piaget's theory is the concept of adaptation, which refers to the process by which individuals adjust to new information and experiences by modifying their existing cognitive structures. Piaget believed that this process of adaptation involved two key components: assimilation, where individuals incorporate new information into their existing schemas, and accommodation, where individuals adjust their schemas to fit new information. This concept highlights the dynamic nature of cognitive development and the importance of interaction between individuals and their environment in shaping intellectual growth. Choice A, 'imitation,' is incorrect as Piaget's theory focuses on how individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it, rather than simply imitating others. Choice C, 'self-efficacy,' is not the central concept in Piaget's theory; self-efficacy is a concept from Bandura's social cognitive theory. Choice D, 'scaffolding,' is associated with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, not Piaget's theory.

5. According to the lifespan perspective, _______ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

• A. the prenatal period
• B. early childhood
• C. adolescence
• D. no age period

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to the lifespan perspective, no single period is considered supreme in its impact on the life course. Each stage of life, from prenatal period through adulthood, plays a significant role in shaping an individual's development. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: no age period.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the lifespan perspective emphasizes that all stages are important and contribute uniquely to an individual's life course.

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