Nursing Elites

1. G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, __________.

• A. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species
• B. launched the normative approach
• C. constructed the first standardized intelligence test
• D. were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory

Correct answer: B

Rationale: G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, launched the normative approach. This approach involves studying large numbers of people of different ages and examining the age-related averages of behaviors to establish norms or typical development patterns. These scholars focused on the systematic observation of how and when certain behaviors appear in children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell in the field of developmental psychology.

2. What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?

• A. Age-related changes cannot be examined.
• B. Participants often drop out before the study is over.
• C. Factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
• D. Practice effects often cause biased findings.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that factors affecting individual development cannot be explored thoroughly. Cross-sectional research involves comparing different groups of people at one specific point in time, and does not allow for tracking individual changes over time. This limitation means that the unique influences and trajectories of individual development may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is not a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research as age-related changes can still be compared across different groups in this type of study. Choice B, while a potential issue in any study, is not specific to cross-sectional research. Choice D refers to a different type of bias caused by repeated testing rather than a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research.

3. This means that Andrew __________.

• A. is in good physical condition
• B. needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs
• C. is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention
• D. was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition Answer: B Page Ref: 95 Skill Level: Apply newborn baby’s appearance. Topic: Childbirth Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement "Andrew needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs" refers to the initial steps taken to ensure a newborn's well-being after birth. This is a common practice to ensure that the newborn is transitioning smoothly into the outside world and is not indicative of a serious danger that requires emergency medical attention.

4. What is the most consistent asset of resilient children?

• A. a strong bond with a competent, caring adult
• B. high intelligence
• C. an easygoing temperament
• D. an association with a rule-abiding peer

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The most consistent asset of resilient children is a strong bond with a competent, caring adult. This relationship provides crucial support, guidance, and positive role modeling, fostering resilience in children. While intelligence (choice B) can be beneficial, it is not as consistently impactful as a supportive adult bond. An easygoing temperament (choice C) may help, but it is not as universally present in resilient children. Associating with rule-abiding peers (choice D) can be helpful, but the connection with a caring adult is more significant in promoting resilience.

5. The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline.

• A. fluid
• B. crystallized
• C. emotional
• D. cultural

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: fluid. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and reasoning, tends to decline earlier than crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves knowledge and skills acquired over time and is more stable with age. Emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence are not directly related to the decline of mental abilities mentioned in the question, making them incorrect choices.

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