natural childbirth experts grantly dick read and fernand lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Final Exam

1. Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.

A. taught women to fear the birth experience
B. helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
C. taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
D. helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had taught women to fear the birth experience. They believed that this fear contributed to increased pain during labor and advocated for methods to reduce fear and promote relaxation during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as the focus is on fear, not on techniques to lessen pain. Choice C is incorrect as the experts did not advocate against medical intervention but rather against unnecessary fear. Choice D is incorrect as the experts aimed to change attitudes towards childbirth, not redirect focus to child rearing.

2. Which sense is the least-developed in newborn babies?

A. Taste
B. Sound
C. Vision
D. Touch

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vision is the least-developed sense in newborn babies. While newborns can see, their vision is not as developed as their other senses at birth. Taste, sound, and touch are more developed senses in newborns compared to vision. Over time, through visual stimulation and experiences, a baby's vision gradually improves and develops.

3. The information-processing perspective __________.

A. examines separate aspects of thinking
B. fails to consider biological influences on cognitive development
C. applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
D. focuses on overall cognitive change

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The information-processing perspective focuses on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information. Choice A, 'examines separate aspects of thinking,' accurately reflects this perspective. The other choices are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the information-processing perspective does consider biological influences on cognitive development. Choice C is incorrect as this perspective is not limited to children in cultures with formal schooling. Choice D is incorrect as the information-processing perspective does not focus on overall cognitive change, but rather on the specific processes involved in information processing.

4. When faced with a problem, Sydney starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.

A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sydney's approach of starting with a hypothesis, deducing testable inferences, and isolating and combining variables to confirm inferences aligns with the characteristics of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage typically emerges during adolescence and is characterized by advanced logical thinking, abstract reasoning, and the ability to think systematically about all possible outcomes of a problem. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as it pertains to the stage where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. Choice B, preoperational, is incorrect as it involves egocentrism and lack of conservation. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as it focuses on operational thought and logical reasoning in concrete contexts.

5. Newborns of smoking mothers __________.

A. are more attentive to sounds
B. display more muscle tension
C. less often have colic
D. are less excitable when visually stimulated Answer: B Page Ref: 84 Skill Level: Understand known or suspected teratogens. Copyright Ã‚Â© 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 12 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Newborns of smoking mothers display more muscle tension. This is because nicotine in cigarettes can lead to increased muscle tension in babies, which can affect their physical development and potentially lead to future health issues. This is one of the negative effects of smoking during pregnancy on the developing fetus.