Nursing Elites

1. Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had __________.

• A. taught women to fear the birth experience
• B. helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor
• C. taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth
• D. helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had taught women to fear the birth experience. They believed that this fear contributed to increased pain during labor and advocated for methods to reduce fear and promote relaxation during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as the focus is on fear, not on techniques to lessen pain. Choice C is incorrect as the experts did not advocate against medical intervention but rather against unnecessary fear. Choice D is incorrect as the experts aimed to change attitudes towards childbirth, not redirect focus to child rearing.

2. Basic emotions __________.

• A. appear in the middle of the second year
• B. are universal in humans
• C. are found only among humans
• D. involve injury to our sense of self

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Basic emotions like happiness, sadness, and anger are universal across humans, meaning they are experienced by people worldwide regardless of cultural differences. These emotions are not limited to a specific group of individuals or exclusive to humans; they are observed in various species. Choice A is incorrect because basic emotions actually appear early in life, not specifically in the middle of the second year. Choice C is incorrect as basic emotions are not exclusive to humans but are observed in other animals as well. Choice D is incorrect because basic emotions do not necessarily involve injury to our sense of self, but rather represent fundamental and instinctual feelings that are part of human nature.

3. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.

• A. does not become adultlike for several years
• B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
• C. is the least developed sense at birth
• D. takes about four months to become adultlike

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.

4. Dr. Singh believes that a basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage of development. Dr. Singh's beliefs are aligned with those of which theorist?

• A. G. Stanley Hall
• B. Sigmund Freud
• C. Erik Erikson
• D. B. F. Skinner

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Singh's beliefs align with Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. Erikson proposed that individuals go through a series of psychosocial stages, with each stage characterized by a basic conflict that must be resolved to achieve healthy development. This conflict is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative outcomes. Choice A, G. Stanley Hall, is incorrect as his work focused on adolescence and evolutionary psychology. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is incorrect as his psychoanalytic theory is more focused on the unconscious mind and psychosexual stages. Choice D, B. F. Skinner, is incorrect as he is associated with behaviorism and operant conditioning, which is different from Erikson's psychosocial theory.

5. Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _________ process.

• A. socially mediated
• B. genetically predictable
• C. preoperational
• D. neurological

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process, emphasizing the role of social interactions and cultural influences in shaping a child's cognitive development. This is in contrast to Jean Piaget, who focused more on individual interactions with the environment. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is significantly influenced by social interactions with others, highlighting the importance of collaborative learning and cultural context. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with Vygotsky's perspective on cognitive development.

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