a major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Final Exam

1. What is a major strength of the longitudinal design?

A. Examine relationships between early and later behaviors
B. Collect a large amount of data in a short time span
C. Explore similarities among children of different cohorts
D. Study participants differing in age at the same point in time

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can examine relationships between early and later behaviors. This design allows researchers to observe and track changes in the same participants over an extended period of time, providing valuable insights into developmental trajectories and how behaviors are connected across different stages of life. Choice B is incorrect because longitudinal studies track changes over time, not necessarily collect a large amount of data in a short time span. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to cross-sectional studies rather than longitudinal studies. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a cross-sectional design where participants of different ages are studied at the same time.

2. Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A. Chloe, a Caucasian American
B. Latima, an African American
C. Yvonne, a Native American
D. Ming, an Asian American Answer: C Page Ref: 85 Skill Level: Apply known or suspected teratogens. Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to research, Native American populations have the highest prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the United States. This increased risk is due to various social, cultural, and environmental factors within Native American communities.

3. According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.

A. reinforcement
B. operant conditioning
C. social learning
D. classical conditioning

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to social learning theory, children primarily learn through modeling, observation, and imitation of others. This theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in learning, as opposed to only focusing on direct reinforcement or punishment. Social learning theory was developed by psychologist Albert Bandura and is a key theory in the field of child development. Choice A, reinforcement, is incorrect as it refers to the process of strengthening a behavior through rewards or punishments. Choice B, operant conditioning, is also incorrect as it is a learning process that involves reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior. Choice D, classical conditioning, is not the correct answer as it involves learning through association between stimuli.

4. A theory of development __________.

A. illustrates the ultimate truth about human behavior
B. describes, explains, and predicts behavior
C. explains all aspects of human growth
D. does not require scientific verification

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A theory of development describes, explains, and predicts behavior. It provides a framework for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. The purpose of a theory is not to illustrate ultimate truth or explain all aspects of human growth, but rather to help researchers and practitioners make sense of and predict human behavior. Theories are expected to be tested and refined through scientific verification. Choice A is incorrect because theories do not necessarily illustrate ultimate truth. Choice C is incorrect as theories focus on behavior and development, not all aspects of human growth. Choice D is incorrect because scientific verification is essential for theories to be valid and reliable.

5. The yolk sac __________.

A. forms during the third trimester of pregnancy
B. is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst Copyright Ã‚Â© 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 3 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
C. produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function
D. contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste Answer: C Page Ref: 77 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The yolk sac is an extraembryonic membrane that plays a significant role in the early development of the embryo. One of its functions is to produce blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function. This process occurs during the early stages of prenatal development to support the growing embryo before it can sustain itself independently.