ATI RN
Psychology 101 Exam 3 Test
1. Distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian parenting.
- A. Authoritative parents are controlling and less communicative.
- B. Authoritarian parents are warm and communicative but set firm limits.
- C. Authoritative parents are less controlling and more communicative.
- D. Authoritarian parents are neither warm nor communicative, often leading to moody, irritable children.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Authoritative parents are warm and communicative while also setting firm limits, creating a balanced and nurturing environment. Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are controlling, less communicative, and tend to set strict rules without much room for discussion. This approach may lead to children becoming irritable and moody due to the lack of warmth and excessive control. Choices A and C incorrectly mix up the characteristics of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Choice D, although mentioning irritable children, does not accurately capture the key differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles.
2. Biological discoveries ________.
- A. have lessened the subjectivity of definitions of abnormality.
- B. demonstrate that the environment plays only a minimal role in the development of psychopathology.
- C. make it clear that mental disorders are diseases and should be dealt with by the medical profession.
- D. have led to a recognition of the role that genetic factors and other biological influences play in the development of many disorders.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Biological discoveries have indeed led to a recognition of the role that genetic factors and other biological influences play in the development of many disorders. This understanding has shifted the focus from purely environmental explanations to acknowledging the significant impact of genetics and biology on mental health. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because biological discoveries have not specifically addressed the subjectivity of definitions of abnormality, minimized the role of the environment in psychopathology, or definitively classified mental disorders as diseases that should only be handled by the medical profession.
3. The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose?
- A. Behaviorists
- B. Humanists
- C. Functionalists
- D. Structuralists
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Functionalists believed that consciousness evolved because it serves a useful purpose in helping humans adapt to their environment. Choice A, Behaviorists, focused on observable behaviors rather than consciousness. Choice B, Humanists, emphasized human potential and self-actualization. Choice D, Structuralists, studied the basic elements of consciousness rather than its function and purpose.
4. John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized ________.
- A. the social environment in forming attachments.
- B. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
- C. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
- D. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized the quality of parental care in forming attachments. This is because Bowlby believed that a child's early experiences with their primary caregiver, especially the quality of care and responsiveness received, significantly influence the child's ability to form secure attachments. Choice A is incorrect because while the social environment plays a role, Bowlby's theory focused more on the caregiver-child relationship. Choice C is incorrect as it does not capture the central role of parental care highlighted in Bowlby's theory. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's theory actually emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to parental figures for healthy emotional development.
5. Why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who were raised in different environments?
- A. Differences in brain function can be easily identified.
- B. Concordance rates tend to be higher.
- C. It is possible that the genetics of twins who have been separated have changed in ways to explain any differences found.
- D. It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together are due to their being treated more similarly than nonidentical twins.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Studying identical twins raised in different environments allows researchers to understand the impact of genetics versus environmental factors on traits. Choice A is incorrect because differences in brain function can be influenced by a variety of factors and not solely by environmental differences. Choice B is incorrect as concordance rates tend to be higher in identical twins reared together due to shared genetics and environment. Choice C is incorrect because genetics do not change due to being raised in different environments.
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