Nursing Elites

1. In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, what does Piaget refer to as 'experimentation,' where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects?

• A. Short-term memory
• B. Working memory
• C. Core memories
• D. Long-term memory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Long-term memory.' In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, Piaget refers to 'experimentation' as tertiary circular reactions, where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects. This stage involves exploring and testing different ways of interacting with the world to understand cause and effect relationships. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with Piaget's concept of tertiary circular reactions and experimentation in the sensorimotor stage of development.

2. How does the diathesis-stress model explain the onset of mental disorders?

• A. Stress alone is sufficient to cause mental disorders.
• B. Both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are needed to trigger a disorder.
• C. Only genetic factors cause mental disorders.
• D. Environmental stressors alone can cause mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model explains that the onset of mental disorders results from the interaction of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stress. Choice A is incorrect because stress alone is not sufficient, according to the model. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies by attributing mental disorders solely to genetic factors. Choice D is incorrect because the model emphasizes the joint contribution of genetic predisposition and environmental stress.

3. Undercontrolled behavior tends to be seen in American children, whereas overcontrolled behavior is seen in Thai children.

• A. Aggressive behavior; calm behavior
• B. Overcontrolled behavior; undercontrolled behavior
• C. Undercontrolled behavior; overcontrolled behavior
• D. Equal behavioral traits in both cultures.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Undercontrolled behavior; overcontrolled behavior.' The question highlights a cultural difference in behavior tendencies between American and Thai children. American children are usually characterized by undercontrolled behavior, while Thai children tend to exhibit overcontrolled behavior. Choice A (Aggressive behavior; calm behavior) is incorrect as the question does not mention aggressive or calm behavior as the contrasting traits between the two groups. Choice B (Overcontrolled behavior; undercontrolled behavior) is incorrect because the described behavior patterns are reversed based on the question's context. Choice D (Equal behavioral traits in both cultures) is incorrect as the question explicitly states differing behavior patterns in American and Thai children.

4. Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?

• A. Developmental psychology
• B. Social psychology
• C. Psychoanalysis
• D. Psychometrics

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social psychology. Social psychology specifically focuses on studying topics like attitude change and group behavior. Developmental psychology (Choice A) primarily deals with human growth and development across the lifespan. Psychoanalysis (Choice C) is a theoretical approach to psychology developed by Sigmund Freud focusing on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Psychometrics (Choice D) involves the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, personality traits, and abilities.

5. Daniel is pretending that one of his blocks is a car. Daniel is exhibiting which function?

• A. Abstraction
• B. Preoperational
• C. Overextension
• D. Semiotic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Abstraction. Pretending that a block is a car demonstrates abstraction, where one object is used to represent another. Choice B, Preoperational, refers to Piaget's stage of cognitive development. Choice C, Overextension, involves using a word in a broader context than is appropriate. Choice D, Semiotic, refers to the use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts, which is not directly related to the scenario described in the question.

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