Nursing Elites

1. a researcher found that there is a negative relationship between perceived parental perfectionism and life satisfaction. what does this mean?

• A. Respondents who reported higher levels of perceived parental perfectionism are more likely to report higher levels of life satisfaction
• B. Respondents who reported higher levels of perceived parental perfectionism are more likely to report lower levels of life satisfaction
• C. Perceived parental perfectionism causes a decline in life satisfaction
• D. Any of the above is correct

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A negative relationship means that as one variable increases, the other decreases, so higher perceived parental perfectionism is associated with lower life satisfaction.

2. With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?

• A. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
• B. In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
• C. Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
• D. Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Behaviorists argue that psychology should focus on observable behavior that can be studied objectively. Choice A is incorrect because behaviorists do not typically focus on conscious experiences, as they are not directly observable. Choice B is incorrect because behaviorists emphasize that behavior can be understood without delving into internal motives. Choice C is incorrect as behaviorists do not exclusively explain behavior through an individual's interpretation of experience; they focus on observable actions and reactions.

3. After cheating on her husband and feeling ashamed, Julia accused her husband of cheating. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanisms?

• A. Sublimation
• B. Displacement
• C. Projection
• D. Rationalization

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Projection. Projection is the defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable feelings to others. In this scenario, Julia is projecting her feelings of guilt and shame onto her husband by accusing him of cheating. Sublimation (choice A) involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities. Displacement (choice B) is redirecting emotions from the original source to a substitute target. Rationalization (choice D) is providing logical explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, which is not applicable in this context.

4. Which parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcome?

• A. Authoritarian
• B. Permissive/indulgent
• C. Authoritative
• D. Neglectful/uninvolved

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The authoritative parenting style is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children's needs while also setting clear expectations and boundaries. This balance fosters a supportive environment that allows children to develop autonomy, self-confidence, and social skills. Authoritarian parenting (choice A) is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, leading to less favorable outcomes. Permissive/indulgent parenting (choice B) involves being lenient and overly responsive, which can result in children lacking self-discipline. Neglectful/uninvolved parenting (choice D) is marked by a lack of responsiveness and involvement, resulting in negative developmental outcomes.

5. Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client's irrational beliefs?

• A. Person-centered therapy
• B. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
• C. Electroconvulsive therapy
• D. REBT

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy). REBT involves actively confronting and changing irrational beliefs. Choice A, Person-centered therapy, is focused on providing a supportive and empathetic environment rather than confronting irrational beliefs. Choice B, Psychodynamic psychotherapy, emphasizes exploring unconscious processes and early life experiences rather than direct confrontation of irrational beliefs. Choice C, Electroconvulsive therapy, is a biological treatment for severe depression and other mental illnesses, not a therapy style that involves confronting irrational beliefs.

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