Nursing Elites

1. In a breech presentation, how is the infant positioned for delivery?

• A. Is too large to be delivered vaginally.
• B. Is delivered feet or bottom first.
• C. Is delivered head first.
• D. Appears face down.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a breech presentation, the infant is positioned to be delivered feet or bottom first. This is because the baby's pelvis or feet enter the birth canal before the head. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a breech presentation specifically refers to the baby being positioned feet or bottom first, not head first, face down, or being too large for vaginal delivery.

2. A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study ________.

• A. parenting style and self-schemas.
• B. poverty and racial discrimination.
• C. peer rejection and attributional style.
• D. assimilation and accommodation.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A psychologist who studies the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would focus on factors like poverty and racial discrimination. These factors have a significant impact on mental health outcomes within different populations. Choices A, C, and D are less directly related to sociocultural factors like poverty and racial discrimination and their influence on mental disorders, making them incorrect.

3. Which part of the superego develops from our experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do?

• A. Conscience
• B. Ego-ideal
• C. Regressing back to the anal stage
• D. Regressing back to the oral stage

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Ego-ideal. The Ego-ideal is a subsystem of the superego that develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior. It guides individuals on what they should do, setting standards and ideals for behavior. Choice A, Conscience, represents the part of the superego that focuses on what one should not do, based on experiences with punishment for improper behavior. Choices C and D, regressing back to the anal and oral stages respectively, are irrelevant to the development of the superego's components and are not related to experiences with rewards for proper behavior.

4. What is object-relations theory?

• A. It is the theory that focuses on observable behaviors only.
• B. It is a newer psychodynamic theory focusing on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships.
• C. It is the theory that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
• D. It is a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing maladaptive thought patterns.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Object-relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that focuses on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships. Choice A is incorrect because object-relations theory goes beyond observable behaviors to explore internalized relationships. Choice C is incorrect because object-relations theory does not primarily emphasize cognitive processes. Choice D is incorrect because object-relations theory is not a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing thought patterns.

5. Daniel is pretending that one of his blocks is a car. Daniel is exhibiting which function?

• A. Abstraction
• B. Preoperational
• C. Overextension
• D. Semiotic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Abstraction. Pretending that a block is a car demonstrates abstraction, where one object is used to represent another. Choice B, Preoperational, refers to Piaget's stage of cognitive development. Choice C, Overextension, involves using a word in a broader context than is appropriate. Choice D, Semiotic, refers to the use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts, which is not directly related to the scenario described in the question.

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